British Social Realism

British Social realityIn order to amply understand the origins and thought processls behind the British Social Realism movement it is important to not only explore this period of cinema history but to to a fault study the interrelationship betwixt film and opposite Art forms. Social Realism, also known as Socio-Realism, is an artworkistic movement, articulated in the cinematic and other realist arts, which portray work class activities.The ancestry of world can be traced back to the 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate art. With the decline of the Romantic Movement, artists looked to show the world in a more literal way and attempt to move closer to annotation and away from the non-representational by creating objective representations of the world based on the observation of contemporary life, such as nature, society, the characteristics of the individual and the nation at large. Realism was independent, including in its subject-matter activities and social classes until that time considered unworthy of representation in fine art. The near articulate growing of Realism was in cut art, where it concentrated on the work of Gustave Courbet, who used the word realism as the title for a manifesto that accompanied an exhibition of his works in 1855. Ilya Repin, a famous Social Realist said that his art work was aimed To criticize all the monstrosities of our vile society although its diverge extended into the 20th century its later manifestations are usually labelled as Social Realism.The latter half of the 19th century has been called the positivist duration. It was an age of tenet in all knowledge which was driven from science and scientific objective methods.Positivist thinking is obvious in the full range of artistic developments after 1850 from the emphasis on the phenomenon of light, to the development of photography and the application of in the buff technologies in architecture and constructions.The artificiality of both the Romanticism and Cla ssicism in the academic art was unanimously rejected, and necessity to introduce contemporary to art found strong support. clean idea was that ordinary people and everyday activities are worthy subjects for art. Whilst Realism in France appears after the 1848 Revolution and expressed a taste for democracy, at the same time in England artists, Realists came before the public with the reaction once morest the Victorian philistinism and the conventions of the Royal Academy in London. Literary Gazette, tell apartd Social Realism as the representation of the proletarian revolution.By the 1840s both artists and scientists had come to appreciate Realisms empirical study of nature. It was partly this interest in accurate visual records that first led to the use of the camera obscura as an aid to drawing and the development of photography as a way of fixing its image. The idea of the camera as an instrument of knowledge is a powerful assumption underlying many a(prenominal) photographic practices, from 19th-century studies of criminality and mental illness to 20th-century documentarism.With a common ideal uniting many Artists and Scientists you would imagine that you could draw a straight line between Realism, the invention of the photographic camera and Social Realism British Cinema but photography, which was developed to bypass the inaccuracies of the human hand, quickly became corrupted.Jonathan Crary has argued that by the 19th century the camera was no longer understood as a model of objective knowledge, but had become part of a whole series of optical toys devised to stimulate subjective and embodied vision, now understood as an active and creative element of visual experience. Following Crary, Geoffrey Batchen argues that early photographers were motivated by amative desires for traces of nature, as much as the need to know, classify, and possess it.Dr Johnson would doubtless have dismissed such approaches as philosophical hair-splitting. Photographs, aft er all, seem to mirror the world, or at least a fragment of it in space and time. But the photographers choiceslens, viewpoint, framing, timingintervene between the object and its image, even when these seem natural or unwittingly make, as in snapshot photographs. Realist images are as much constructed as the most complex studio set their illusion of transparency enhances their dexterity to construct and confirm conceptions of reality itself.Patrizia di BelloAs we have seen Realism is a movement that crosses art forms, forming in painting, through the development of photography and emerging again in the developing visual art of cinema.In Italy neorealism was a style of film that refelected the early French Realist ideals and told stories set amongst the poor and working class, filmed on location, often victimisation nonprofessional actors. The films mostly contend with the difficult economical and moral conditions of post-World War II Italy, reflecting the changes in the Italian p syche and the conditions they faced in everyday life defeat, poverty, and desperation.The neorealist style was developed by a circle of film critics that revolved around the magazine Cinema. The group included including Michelangelo Antonioni, Luchino Visconti, Gianni Puccini, Cesare Zavattini, Giuseppe De Santis, and Pietro Ingrao. The critics attacked the poor persona telefono bianco films of the time and felt that Italian cinema should turn to the realist writers from the turn of the century.The most common attribute of neorealism was location shooting and the dubbing of dialogue. The dubbing allowed for filmmakers to move in a more open mise-en-scne. Principal characters would be portrayed mostly by trained actors while supporting members (and sometimes principals) would be non-actors. The idea was to build a greater perceive of realism through the use of real people rather than all seasoned actors. The rigidity of non-actors gave the scenes more authentic power. This sense o f realism made Italian neorealism more than an artistic stance, it came to embody an attitude toward life.The next development in the Realist movement was the French New Wave. This was a concealment term coined by yet another group of critics of the late 1950s and 1960s. Although never a formally organized movement, the New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejection of classical cinematic form and their spirit of youthful iconoclasm. Many also engaged in their work with the social and policy-making upheavals of the era, making their foundation experiments with editing, visual style, and narrative part of a cosmopolitan break with the conservative paradigm.Again, the socio-economic forces at play shortly after World War II potently influenced the movement. A politically and financially drained France tended to fall back to the old popular traditions before the war. One such tradition was straight narrative cinema, specifically classical French film. The moveme nt has its roots in rebellion against the reliance on past forms criticizing in particular the way these forms could force the audience to contract to a dictatorial plot-line.Thanks to the ongoing development of film equipment the face of cinema was constantly evolving and in the same way that Cinema Verite became possible whippersnapper cameras, lights, and sound equipment allowed the New Wave directors to shoot in the streets, rather than in studios. This fluid camera motion became a trademark of the movement, with shots often following characters buck Paris streets. The movies featured unprecedented methods of expression, such as seven-minute tracking shots (like the famous traffic jam sequence in Godards 1967 film Week End).Many of the French New Wave films were produced on small budgets, often shot in a friends apartment, using the directors friends as the cast and crew. Directors were also forced to improvise with equipment (for example, using a shopping cart for tracking sh ots).As with most art-film movements, the innovations of the New Wavers trickled down to the other cinema cultures. Social Realism in British films arrive at during the 1960s when what is commonly referred to as the British New Wave emerged. The new wave directors such as Karel Reisz, Lindsay Anderson and Tony Richardson had made a number of documentaries before paltry on to feature films, and many of these had been screened at the National scene Theatre event christened Free Cinema in the 1950s. uniform the auteurs of the Italian Neo realism and French New Wave, many of the British directors were knowledgeable critics as well, affiliated with Sequence magazine. This gave them ample opportunity to promote their agenda.Free Cinema was described by Tony Richardson as independent of commercial cinema, free to make intensely personal statements and free to champion the directors right to control the picture. Documentaries such as O Dreamland (Anderson, 1956) just about an English coastal resort and Momma Dont Allow (Reisz and Richardson, 1956) about a suburban jazz club put into practice these directors belief in the freedom and importance of the everyday.The themes and people discovered in these documentaries were something that the directors went on to introduce to mainstream cinema. The Free Cinema films were made without inhibitions, and led to the social realist aesthetical of putting ordinary people with problems onto the big screen. It is for this reason that the term kitchen sink drama was coined, to describe the hum drum lives of the masses, and angry young man to describe the rebellious protagonists.Amongst the many films that emerged during the new wave of social realism, there are dozens of stunning examples that continue being championed to this day. Look Back in Anger, A Taste Of Honey, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, This Sporting Life, Billy Liar, Cathy Come Home, Up The Junction and Room At Th e Top, to name a few. Many of these films were based on books and plays, as the social realist aesthetic was alive in literature and theatre at the time. The movement also ushered in a new wave of actors who embodied social realism in their use of colloquialisms and accents. Actors such as Tom Courtenay, Rita Tushingham and Albert Finney held up a mirror to ordinary working class Brits.In the UK, the term kitchen sink derived from an expressionist painting by John Bratby, which contained an image of a kitchen sink. The critic David Sylvester wrote an article in 1954 about trends in fresh English art, calling his article The Kitchen Sink in reference to Bratbys picture. Sylvester argued that there was a new interest among young painters in domestic scenes, with stock on the banality of life.Kitchen sink realism was linked to the rise of the Angry Young Men, a category applied to a number of British playwrights and novelists from the mid-1950s. Their political views were seen as rad ical, sometimes even anarchic, and they described social alienation of different kinds. The authors included both left-wing and right-wing writers. They included John Osborne, Harold Pinter, John Braine, and Alan Sillitoe.The new wave of British film-makers captured the zeitgeist of the period, and paved the way for directors such as Mike Leigh, Stephen Frears and Ken Loach who continue to make films that shape a very regional British film industry. Films such as Riff Raff, Naked, and My Beautiful Laundrette, although made 20 30 years later, embody the same values as were inherent in the films of the New WaveThe British New Wave Cinema only lasted a few years, from 1959 to 1963. Only about half a dozen films were made. flat though they were so few made, the film were very influential and Incredibly evocative, and enough to prompt critics of the time to talk of a renaissance in British cinema. Coming at the end of a decade that was extensively perceived as a doldrums era, based on a diet of lightweight comedies, gothic horror films and endless war vehicles the New Wave films were greeted by audiences as a breath of fresh air and paved the way for the transatlantic mastery that awaited British cinema in the Sixties.The main directors of New Wave cinema were Karel Reisz, Lindsay Anderson, Tony Richardson, and John Schlesinger . the majority came from the theatre, predominantly from the Royal Court Theatre, Richardson had made a name for himself by directing the plays of John Osborne, such as The Entertainer and Look Back in Anger to great critical approval. The foremost merchandise company behind British New Wave cinema, Woodfall films, was in fact set up by Richardson and Osborne predominantly to put these stage plays on to the big screen, which they did with the likes of Richard Burton and Laurence Olivier in the leading roles.Woodfalls fortunes fared even better when Reisz and Richardson collaborated with northern realist authors and theatre writers such as Alan Sillitoe and Shelagh Delaney and took the unusual step for the film industry of those times of appointing them to write the screenplays for the films. Like with the French New Wave, taking the cameras out of the studio confines and engaging in much larger amounts of location shooting was another revolutionary idea for the industry, and was not welcomed by mainstream critics. But social realism was the vastly insperitional for new film-makers, volumewriters, and a younger generation of actors, including Albert Finney, Rita Tushingham, Shirley Anne Field, Tom Courtenay, Alan Bates, Rachel Roberts, Richard Harris and the like.Karel Reisz had the first big commercial success with Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960), while Tony Richardson made A Taste of Honey (1961) and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962) and Lindsay Anderson engaged David Storey to script his own book of This Sporting Life (1963), which effectively brought New Wave Cinema to an end.The Lonel iness of the Long Distance Runner is a challenging and imaginative film from 1962, produced and directed by Tony Richardson, and starring Tom Courtenay with Sir Michael Redgrave and James Bolam in support. The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner was the first British film to project the brutality within the Borstal system later revisting in the film Scum (1979).The film caused outrage at the time and its anti-authoritarian agenda ran into problems with the British Board of Film Censors, which described its story as blatant and very trying Communist propaganda, and particularly worrying for us because the hero is a thief and yet is held up to the admiration of silly young thugs.Critics also commented on how the film explored the novel features of the camerawork and editing for its time, the originality of the musical score, and debated the borrowings from the French New Wave, as well as, finally, the way in which the film continued to break new ground in British cinema of the day .Saturday Night and Sunday Morning was adapted from Alan Sillitoes first popular novel, and was about the new young working class. Directed by Karel Reisz and produced by Tony Richardson, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning stars Albert Finney, Rachel Roberts and Shirley Anne Field. The film was a revelation when it was initially released, not just for its realistic style, but also for its graphic portrayal of sex, extra-marital affairs, strong language, and, most contentious of all, abortion.Once again The British Board of Film Censors urged a general toning down of all the language and sex scenes. In particular, it required that the successful abortion scene promised in the screenplay and evident in Sillitoes original novel, be rendered eventually ineffective and that the film-makers follow a policy of social responsibility as far as possible.In conclusion the social realism fostered by New Wave Cinema made an indelible and lasting impression on British film-makers for many years, and can even be seen in such recent films as Pater Cattaneos, The Full Monty (1997), as well as Lynne Ramsays art-house success, Ratcatcher (1999). The spirit of the British Social Realist movement extended way beyond its own period and, indeed, whitewash flourishes in British cinema today in filmmakers such as Shane Meadows.Bibliographyhttp//www.answers.com/topic/realism?nr=1lsc=true http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealismhttp//www.open2.net/historyandthearts/arts/newwave_p.htmlhttp//filmstudies.suite101.com/article.cfm/social_realism_in_british_film http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealism http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_New_Wave