Comparison of Newspaper Headlines

Newspaper headline creates a powerful meaning and interpretation of the whole article. This collection of words sums up the entire story and represents in totality the equally significant lead. A headline intrigues and awakens or grabs a reader's interest.   At the same time, it reinforces the intellectual aspect of the reading public through the rational and logical contentment gained when a reader successfully understands a newspaper headline. A story headline strengthens one's sense of belonging to his or her community in two ways: first, through the references to one's own society and nation; and second, through stereotyped representations of other countries and citizens. News organizations on the internet generally aim to post headlines on the website that will attract and leave an impact to search engine crawlers and internet visitors as much as the regular printed news readers. For this purpose, two negatively-toned or presented news headlines of the same story can have different interpretations and effects on the readers. Such examples are that of the news about the comment of President Bush on the alleged establishment and expansion of U.S. bases in Africa. These are the news from the MSNBC website under the headline: â€Å"Bush: U.S. wont build new Africa bases† and the other news article from the Aljazeera website carrying the headline: â€Å"Bush denies Africa expansion plan† (MSNBC, 2008 ; Aljazeera, 2008). The MSNBC and Aljazeera news headlines were both stated in a negative manner. The former headline (from MSNBC) was presented as an obvious direct quote, apparently coming straight from the U.S. President. The second headline, on the other hand, appears to have been delivered by a second source, not by President Bush himself. The headline by the Aljazeera news implies that denial is the usual and standard official statement from the White House and not a strong affirmation that the U.S. will definitely not build bases and expand their military power in Africa. Although the said two headlines are somewhat pessimistic in tone, the MSNBC â€Å"direct quote† headline appears to be more effective than the Aljazeera â€Å"denial† headline. This is because the headline was written in a straight-forward defense of President Bush that U.S. will not (by using the term â€Å"won't†) build new Africa bases. Readers of today are always in a rush while accessing vast amount of information from thousands of websites. Thus, the MSNBC headline addresses the basic goal of internet news organizations of catching the attention and immediate comprehension of online news readers. The MSNBC headline is even beefed up by what is called the subhead (with the phrases â€Å"President dismisses talk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This subhead supports and reinforces the main headline which imparts a definite statement that the U.S. is unquestionably not building new U.S. bases in the African continent. References Aljazeera. (2008, February 20). Bush denies Africa expansion plan. Retrieved February 21,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23252017/ MSNBC. (2008, February 20). Bush: U.S. won't build new Africa bases. President dismisses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   talk of more military bases on continent as ‘baloney'. Retrieved February 21, 2008,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1D97988F-6FFB-4BD0-8C43-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C3F8420F79B1.htm. ; ; ; ; ;

Mckinstry Advertising Agency Essay

You are the president of the McKinstry Advertising Agency, a medium sized firm that specializes in preparing the marketing strategies, performing the market research studies, arranging the distribution channels, and designing the advertising and promotional materials for industrial companies that have developed †off-shoot† consumer products. You obviously serve a very specific niche. Your clients are industrial companies- that is, they sell primarily to other manufacturing firms and government agencies- that have developed- as unintended outcomes of their R&D programs- products for the retail trade. Dow Chemical Company, while not a client of your agency, is an almost ideal example of this type of firm. They have developed and currently produce and market such consumer products as Dow Bathroom Cleaner and Ziploc Bags that in total amount to only 5.8% of Dow’s total sales. You clients tend not to be as large as Dow Chemical Company nor as well established in consume r marketing. Most have had very little experience in retail sales, and they generally are not very sophisticated in advertising methods. They tend, therefore, to rely heavily upon the advice of the account executives and advertising experts at your agency, and to develop relationships with those people that are far more permanent and personal than is common in the â€Å" what have you done for me lately† culture of the consumer products advertising industry. The â€Å"permanent and personal† relationships that are typical of your company but not of industry in general seem to be the cause of a major problem that you have recently encountered. One of your large clients developed a new type of radar detector. Radar detectors, also known as â€Å"fuzzbusters† are simple but extremely sensitive radio receivers that are tuned to the wave length of the police radar. When a car equipped with a enabling the driver to slow down, if necessary, before the speed of the car can be calculated by the police equipment. The use of radar detectors, thus enables drivers to avoid being stopped and fined for speeding. Speeding is alleged to be responsible for many traffic accidents. There were 27.7 million traffic accidents involving passenger car in 2000, and 6.1 million traffic accidents involving trucks. These 33.8 million traffic accidents resulted in 46400 deaths, 1.8 million sever injuries that required  hospitalization, 7.8 million moderate injuries that required attention by medical personnel, extensive slight injuries, uncounted personal traumas, and huge financial losses. Speeding was said to be a factor in 65 % of all traffic accidents and 87% of those that caused deaths and serve injuries due to the greater impacts that come from the higher speeds, but it has to be admitted that neither statistic is totally reliable. Police estimate speed based upon the length of skid marks and the extent of physical damage, but those estimates obviously are inexact. Further, â€Å"speeding â€Å" is defined as any vehicle velocity above the posted limit, and it is claimed that the posted limit is considerably below the safe capability of modern car and high way in many instances. Vehicle speed, moreover, is only one of the factor that cause traffic accidents. Alcohol intoxication is believe to be associated with 28% of all accidents and 48% of all accidents that result in death and severe injury. Often speed and intoxication together are held to be the cause. Again, though, there is a problem in measuring intoxication. The percentage of alcohol in bloodstream that impairs physical response time and personal judgment varies with the body weight, physical conditioning, and drinking history of the individual. Police and medical attendants use a test that takes into account only body weight and, further, it is said by representatives of the licensed beverage( that is, beer, wine, and liquor) industry that the legal threshold for intoxication has been set much too low. Most drivers would be considered to be â€Å"driving under the influence† of they consumed two to three glasses of beer or wine within 30 minutes of and accident. In summary, it cannot be sai d that exact cause of most severe traffic accidents are known with certainty but it is believed that speeding and drinking, jointly or separately, play some role in the events that lead up to those accidents. Also to blame, in many instances, are the design of the highway, the condition of the weather, the maintenance of the vehicle, the time of the day (many severe accidents occur at dusk, with poor lighting and tired drivers), and the presence of radar detectors. A study by the Ohio State Police found that radar detectors were present in at least one of the vehicles involved in 69% of all severe traffic accidents on the highways of that state in 2005. Studies in other states have confirmed that finding, with some estimates of the relationship running as high as 75%. The use of radar detectors is illegal in many if not most states, but neither the  manufacturing nor the marketing of the units has ever been banned by the federal government which, of course, is the sole authority which could regulate their interstate trade. The U.S. constitution forbids any state from restricting† imports† from any other state. Currently, therefore, there often occur an unusual situation in w hich the use if the radar detector sets may be illegal within a given state, but the sale of those sets is not illegal and cannot be prohibited within that state. The manufacture and marketing of radar detectors was expanding industry, with total sales revenues reaching $67 million in 1991, until the police in a number of states began to uses lasers rather than radar to apprehend speeders. Lasers project focused beams of light waves rather than focused beams of radio waves, and consequently they cannot be â€Å"picked up† by most radar detectors. Your client, as an offshoot of contract research for the defense industry, has developed a new technology that does â€Å"pick up† the light waves far enough away from the source so that drivers can slow down. A full explanation of the technology is not needed; it is probably sufficient to say that the device works on the principle that the light waves from a police laser interfere with a certain spectrum of exceedingly short-range radio signals broadcast from the detector set in the owner’s car is out of sight, perhaps 1/4 mile ahead in the highway, and the police laser is not ta rgeted on this particular car. The proposed design also picks up the interference from a police radar device equally well. The electronics firm that developed the new radar/laser detection came to the account executive at your agency and requested a marketing plan supported by market research. The marketing plan was developed; it had a heavy emphasis upon direct distribution supported by extensive advertising. The market research was completed; it showed that the first entrant into this field with a new technology could rapidly build market share. The client requested that a young associated who had prepared a very successful advertising program for one of their earlier products be assigned to design the promotional materials for this new one. The associate, Marilynn Schaefer, refused, saying privately that she felt that it was not â€Å"right† to market radar and/or laser detectors that led to more numerous and more severe highway accidents and to greater incidents of death, suffering, and injury. The program director proposed other employees at the associate level within the  creative segment of the firm, but the client’s representative wanted Marilynn Schaefer to do the work. She continued to refuse, though expressing her reasons only to the account executive, George Sarbo. Eventually the conflict between these two people reached the stage at which George said to Marilynn, â€Å"either work on this account for me or don’t work at this agency for anyone† and fired her. Marilynn Schaefer immediately came to you, as president of the agency, saying that it was not right to fire a person because of her moral beliefs. George Sarbo quickly followed, saying that for 20 years he had followed the stated agency policy of providing clients with personalized service, and that if Marilynn did not want to so she could not work for him and she should not work for company. He also said that if Marilynn were retained at the agency he would leave. You realize that George Sarbo is one of only three account executives at your firm, that he has a very loyal following of clients with him if he indeed did decide to leave. Further conversations with both of the participants in the dispute and with the industrial client on the following day showed no change in their positions. The client’s representative clearly felt that the delay in assigning Ms. Schaefer to work on the needed advertising was due only to the press of other accounts upon her time; he stated that he felt that he was â€Å"owned† her assistance on this project.

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Project management - Essay Example The respondents comprise the management, middle- and low-level management staff of a global organization. Confidentiality is afforded the respondents. The values of the particular group of people are one form of influence on the organizational culture. There are two cultural systems present in a global organization, but are essentially separate: the national culture and the corporate or organizational culture. Cultural differences are present in global organizations. Most low-rank employees can be recruited in the country where business is built. These people have their culture apart from the culture in the organization which in turn forms another culture. Managers and employees working in an international environment are obviously subject to the impact of multi-country, regional and global change and dynamism than managers in a single-country operation. Managers should be fully aware of the culture’s values and what behaviors or actions those values support in order to take advantage of an existing cultural system. Employees and managers should develop a deep understanding of how organizational values operate in the firm. The study of multi-cultural influences in an organization is a concern of International HRM. Multiculturalism is an outcome of globalization. These organizations are global in context; meaning their operation, corporate set-up, orientation, are internationalized. The process of decision-making, including strategic decision-making, is clearly influenced by cultural factors. The collection of information, its interpretation, the dynamics of the group making the decision and the contextual constraints under which decision-makers work are all influenced to a greater or lesser degree by the culture of those involved. (Cray & Mallory, 1998, p 71) Communication failure between expatriates and local employees may arise from a number of factors, such as differences with regards to cultural adjustment

Marketing Design and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Design and Innovation - Essay Example The success of international marketing strategies strongly relates to the ways in which companies design and promote their products. Any errors in designing products to meet customer requirements and evolving market trends can lead to failure in capturing market shares and loss in revenues for the companies. The international environment provides the organization with the scope of marketing products to both local and foreign markets. Multiple strategies are adopted by companies to promote their products to these markets either through standardization of products launched in both local and foreign markets or through adaptation in design and features to match the tastes of the foreign consumers (Hill & Allen, 2007). While standardization in design and features provide the customers with a uniform image that is attached with the product, it may fail to satisfy their needs that are influenced by local environment and cultural factors. Hence localization or adaptation to local tastes and preferences is considered a feasible solution by marketers for promoting market shares and growth (Lamb, Fair & McDaniel, 2009). McDonalds – the global brand McDonalds is one of the largest chains of fast food restaurants selling burgers, French fries and host of savories since 1940. The business started with the opening of a fast food outlet in California in the year 1940 and since then the company has grown to become a household name with its presence across different countries (Roth, 2010). The success of the brand is largely attributed to its flexibility in product design and innovation in tastes that has ensured a satisfied customer walking out of its outlets. â€Å"In Germany, McDonalds serves beer with meals. In Israel, the first kosher McDonalds opened in Jerusalem in 1995. In Arab countries, the chain used Halal menus† (Paul, 2008). The respect for local tastes and cultures have earned the company its reputation and contributed to its success in global market expansion strategies. The company operates through a number of franchisees across different market regions. Innovation in product design and marketing mix are key det erminants of the success behind McDonalds. The fast food service chain gained customer loyalty and trust through its creativity in offering new range of products and flavors. McDonalds recognizes the fact that different cultures support varying customer needs and tastes. It is important to identify the distinctiveness in tastes and adapt its flavors to suit the local customer choice and preference. Market demand and competitive advantage The market demand for any product in any region is influenced by the consumer demographics of the region, industry competition, pricing, quality, and service efficiency of the companies. The competitive environment is one of the key aspects influencing market demand for any product. â€Å"Moving from a product and sales philosophy to a holistic marketing philosophy however, gives them a better chance of outperforming competition. And the cornerstone of a well-conceived marketing orientation is strong customer relationships† (Kotler, 1972). Mc Donalds operates in a highly competitive

Impact of the World Trade Organization on Intellectual Property Rights Essay

Impact of the World Trade Organization on Intellectual Property Rights - Essay Example Finally, economics affect the governments by determining nation’s financial resources needed in the sustenance of the country’s requirements. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body which has the main responsibility for regulating trade between different countries engaged in commercial activities. For example, the WTO standardizes trading policies by finding a common ground between different domestic policies (Kroll, 1999). Recent years have proved to be challenging for trading activities, especially in what concerns the intellectual property rights. Due to differences in policies regarding the ownership and transference of intellectual rights from one person to another, these rights are a crucial issue of contention between countries engaged in trading activities at the international level (Kroll, 1999). The WTO continues to resolve disputes arising with regard to intellectual property rights by providing a standardized set of rules used in the judgment of these cases (Kroll, 1999). Free trade recognizes individual rights to own and dispose of property and is a result of capitalism, which replaced the once popular mercantilism. Capitalism allows for privatization of wealth and the subsequent reduction of restrictions on trade, namely free trade (Craig, 1994). Free trade is considered an economic provision for exchange of goods and services without the intervention of the government, especially in view of foreign trade. In this scenario, the traders utilize the principle of comparative advantage, i.e. both parties benefit from the trade interactions. Ricardo (1817) demonstrated the gains from free trade by an example between two countries, which can use comparative advantage. Matters of guiding policies dictate that free trade ought to rely on supply and demand governing the prices and availability of the goods and services. However, comparative advantage, demand, and supply do not guarantee fair trade.

Central Asia Post 1991 The Oil Roads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Central Asia Post 1991 The Oil Roads - Essay Example In the discussion, we shall also enquire into the salient aspects of the 'state and society' and of 'religion and culture' in these countries and the 'new great game' with 'oil and oil roads' that is being played by those countries that hat have slipped into the new shoes of the old "imperial powers". First, then, what was the "silk road" The Silk Road had passed through the 'heart' of Asia, in the central region of the continent.1 It was the ancient route that took the trade across Asia to Europe and back and along with it, also the cultures of the East. The road was unsurpassed in the commercial and cultural contacts between the east and the west linked by 'the camel caravans and donkey trucks which trudged their way through the dust and heat of the central Asian region'. This region is an inhospitable area with very little vegetation, and almost no rainfall; and constantly visited by sandstorms which have claimed many lives. The climate is harsh; the daytime temperature in summer goes up to even 500 Celsius in the sub-sea level basin of Turfan; and in winter it comes down to below minus 20 degrees. Temperatures soar in the sun, but drop very rapidly at sundown. On the eastern and western sides of the region, the civilizations of China and the West developed. The Persian Empire was in control of the vast large area , extending from the Mediterranean Sea in the west as far as the borders of India in the east. Trade between these two neighbors strongly influenced the cultures of these regions. The Chinese exploration of the west began in 138 BC, when Zhang Qian was sent by the Han emperor on a mission to form an alliance with the Yuezhi tribe in the west. He could return only 13 years later, but brought with him important information about a new breed of horses and hitherto unknown tribes in the west. More expeditions were sent west to get horses and objects of beauty for the emperor. By this process, the route to the west was opened up. The Silk Road was not one single route, but many routes, roads, and paths that traverse in an east west direction. Some routes were well developed and relatively free from bandits, while others were less protected and suffered from plunder by bandits. As a measure of protection the Han rulers constructed forts and defensive walls along part of the route which we re later combined to form the 'Great Wall' which still stands today as a testimony to human achievement and suffering at the hands of strong-minded emperors. Silk was only one of many items that were traded through this Road. Gold, precious metals, ivory, precious stones, and glass went towards China, while firs, ceramics, gun powder, jade, bronze objects, lacquer, and iron went west carried by caravans each of which consisted of 100 to 1000 camels, and each loaded with about 500 pounds of goods. The most significant 'commodity' carried along this route was not silk, but religion. Buddhism came to China from India this way as early as the first century AD, and dotted the face of Silk Road towns with monasteries and pagodas. Later, Islam made it into the heart of China and established itself as the dominant religion in Central Asia; however, its ultimate effects contributed to the Silk Road's eventual decline.

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report - Assignment Example The advent of new technology will contribute to raise the productivity and will also reduce the production cost. The introduction of upgraded technology will enhance the power quality. The technological progress in the production process will also contribute in the distribution process of power. In this fashion less power will be lost in the distribution process and can be utilized by the people (Mkpandiok & Dimla, 1999). Price The price is the most important determinant that either drives the consumers towards the products or drives them away. If the price strategy is attractive the consumers will be driven to buy the products (Salzman, 2008). Again if the consumers believe the price is costlier than the substitutes available in the market, they will drive themselves towards the substitutes. Therefore thorough market research is necessary before labelling up the price. The company firstly needs to target the consumer base. If the target base is the upper income level people then the incomes of those consumers should be taken into account while adopting the appropriate price strategy. It is important to judge the demand throughout the year as well. It is recommended to use the flexible or the reasonable price strategy since this will allow the middle income group to fall with the consumer base. This strategy will have two objectives (Belohlavek, 2008). On one hand the company will be able to cement the consumer base while on the other the demand for the product will raise which will tend to bring in more revenue into the company. The middle income group generally have low disposable income and so a reasonable price strategy will be mouth watering for them. Place The first thing which the company will like to do is to target the areas where it expects to attain maximum demand. An effective market research technique is indispensible in this case. The population, income levels, the demand potential are some of the parameters that are taken into account while analy sing the target market (Shaad, & Wilson, 2009). Once the potential areas have been identified the company needs to tap them either with the help of some attractive strategies or with various methods of advertisements. Once the potential market gets tapped the company needs to recruit the suppliers to maintain the distribution chain. These suppliers will provide electricity to the entire geographic location. Promotion It is necessary to increase the brand awareness in the modern world. The consumers are inclined towards brand and therefore companies tend to focus a lot today on generating brand value (Viardot, 2008). The brand value can be gained through various modes of advertising namely print media or digital media. The advertisements cement the name of the brands on the minds of the consumers. Similar advertisement initiatives include sponsorship of sporting events or television programs. The point is to stay in touch with the consumers all the time in whatever way it can be. Few Statistics The demand of energy has significantly increased over the last few decades. Significant energy production and appropriate distribution can drive the nation towards development and growth. Nigeria Follows federal constitution. The purpose of the study is to develop marketing mix strategy for the energy providing company in Nigeria. The organization is trying to provide electricity in the Nigerian Market. The Nigerian electricity industry is very much potential. The industry is suffering from

Discuss key episodes in Gandhi's life in which he worked his own way Essay

Discuss key episodes in Gandhi's life in which he worked his own way through ethical dilemmas (from his autobiography My Experiments with Truth) - Essay Example but his daring temperament to stick to the truth how so ever the tough situation could be and his non-violence way to protest for the rights of people shuddered Britishers to quit India and provide Independence to the nation. His way to lead a simple life and his beliefs are inspiration even in todays world and they are applicable in todays life. It is because of his greatness his birthday, 2nd October, called as Gandhi Jayanti is considered as a national holiday and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. Mahatma Gandhi practiced strict discipline in his life and the chief motive of his life was to be truthful in every deed. Various principles that were the key features in shaping the personality of Mahatma Gandhi encompass- "Truth" is the essence of Gandhis life. He was a firm believer that one must follow the path of truth how-so-ever difficult it could be, but truth keeps the self-conscious alive and prevents an individual from shame and disguise. He believed that one must practice truth in every aspect of life and should learn from own mistakes. His motive was to perform experiment with self so as to learn from personal mistakes. He honestly mentioned all the mistakes he committed in his autobiography called "The Story of My Experiments with Truth". Being truthful to oneself, in deeds and pursuits keeps the conscious clear and eliminates the feelings of fear and diffidence. According to Gandhi, "Truth is God" and to reach the truth, practice truth and one can reach the God. Therefore Gandhis philosophy for God is "Truth". He practiced truth in his life, as was depicted in his movements which he called "Satyagrah". In this movement the motive was to eradicate the hostility and enmity without causing any injury to the enemy. Therefore Satyagrah is considered a driving force or in terms of Martin Luther King Jr. as a soul force. According to Gandhi, if an individual is empowered with high morals and strong will power then no physical power could

Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Management - Assignment Example The company also plans to raise the prices of the brand in the future to cater for the rising price of raw material used in the production of the beverage (New, 2011). The company in an effort increase the pricing is also cautious about the effect of the rise on the volume of their sales. There is a probability of reducing the volume of sales when compared to the previous years. The company also faces the problem of their customers switching to the competitors soft drink. In view of all this, the company carefully looks at the probable way of raising the price without affecting their volume of sales (New, 2011). The coca cola company employs the two channels of distribution the direct market channelling which involves dealing directly with the customer. This direct marketing channel can also have intermediaries who are the wholesalers and retailers. The other channel is the business distribution channels the organisation utilises its own sales group to sell to business customers. This does involve multilevel distribution. This is the most commonly used procedure by the coca-cola company (MKT300, 2008). The business distribution channels consist of manufactures representatives and industrial distributors as the intermediaries. The manufactures in the direct marketing ensure that consumers get the soft drinks in time. They sell to the consumer in bulk or retail amounts and at an affair price. The retailers also ensure that consumers get the goods they usually sell in small quantities and a higher price than the manufacturers. In the business, distribution channels the manufactures representatives do sell in bulk to the industrial distributors or the Industrial customer. The distribution channels ensure that the goods reach the customer on time and in the right manner (Coca-Cola Company, 2008). Company’s monitor their channel performance to be able to plan. The channel

PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES - Assignment Example In addition the recent development in the field of genetics and molecular biology has enabled psychologists to have a better understanding about human behavioral and mental processes (Barondes). Though the biological approach was initially shunned by scientists such as Freud who invented the psychoanalytical approach the numerous advances made in the field of biology has contributed immensely towards the understanding of human psychology. There has also been a greater understanding of the mechanism of drug action for psychiatry treatment due to these biological advances and as a result drugs are being used effectively to cure mental illnesses. The advances made in genetic study of psychiatric disorders have enabled researchers to identify the causes for these illnesses, especially those with no observable neuropathological conditions, and the study of the molecular biology of the receptors will help in development of more effective drugs for psychological disorders. In the two most p revalent psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder, genetics has been found to play a very prominent role and with the new DNA mapping techniques it has been possible to identify the hereditary genes (Barondes; Sammons). Inheritance of these faulty genes in turn influences the nervous system thereby giving rise of the symptoms of the disorder (Sammons).

Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Capital Punishment Essay An eye for an eye, makes the whole world blind, Mahatma Gandhi. When the murders of today are murdered by the government, is that not hypocrisy? Capital punishment is legal in 32 U.S. states. Capital punishment was a penalty for many felonies under English common law, and it was enforced in all of the American colonies prior to the Declaration of Independence. Since 1976 lethal injection has been the primary method, although electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and by firing squad are still legal and practiced in some states. The death penalty is barbaric and unethical. Innocent lives are being taken away. U.S. tax payers money is thrown out the window. Capital punishment laws should be abolished in the entire United States. Studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing crimes. (Death Penalty Information Center) As we sit in a jury box playing God, deciding who must live and who must die, we hand out the death penalty to teach society a lesson. We step into the shoes of a God and pass an irreversible judgment to mask our pain or disdain. Why kill people who kill people to show killing is wrong? This is hypocrisy. In our judicial system, we do not rape rapists, make drunk drivers stand in front of a speeding car, or chop off the thieving hands of someone who steals. In Muslim practicing countries, the harsh punishment used to deter humans from stealing is to have the thieves hand cut off. This practice does not deter thievery and is considered barbaric and irrational in todays American society. For some reasons unknown, we resort to a revenge mentality society when man kills man. A family who has lost a loved one due to a murder, will not find closure from th e killers death. They will find closure with acceptance and forgiveness in themselves. We cannot take away the life of another who may or may not be guilty of a crime. Consequently, innocent people have been convicted and executed. The wrongful execution of an innocent person is an injustice that can never be rectified. Any error rate is completely unacceptable, when we are talking about life  and death. Since 1973 the U.S. has released 144 prisoners from death row because they were found to be innocent of their crimes. (Amnesty) Wrongful conviction causes range from eyewitness error, to government miscount, false confessions, informants, mishandled evidence, improper forensic evidence, and bad lawyering. Capital punishment is also discriminatory towards minorities, poor, and the mentally ill. Africans make up about half of all homicide victims. Glenn Ford, a black man, was released last month after 30 years on death row in Louisianas notorious Angola Prison for a crime he did not commit. As a result of his poverty, Ford was assigned two lawyers to represent him at his capital trial -the lead attorney was an oil and gas lawyer who had never tried a case criminal or civil to a jury. The second attorney had been out of law school for only two years and worked at an insurance defense firm. As often happens in capital cases, the prosecutors used their peremptory strikes to keep blacks off the jury. Despite a very weak case against him, Ford, defenseless before an all-white jury, was sentenced to death. (ACLU) Ford is just one of many people who were found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in capital and non-capital cases, but were actually not guilty at all. Once an inmate is executed, nothing can be done to make amends if a mistake has been made. Additionally, the death penalty is a huge cost to taxpayers. Sending someone to death row in the United States costs roughly $5 million, because the government takes the burden of paying for both sides. With appeals, and execution costs, death row is around $4 million more than an adult serving life in prison. The Constitution requires and long and complex judicial process for capital cases. The process is supposed to ensure that innocent men and woman arent wrongful executed, yet even with that the risk of executing an innocent person isnt completely eliminated. Death penalty cases consume much additional prosecution and law enforcement staff time because much additional work must be done. Prosecutors must investigate and prepare aggravating evidence for presentation in the sentencing phase of the trial, respond to evidence, file many more motions, and spend significantly more time in court than they would in a non-death penalty case. In addition to these staff costs, prosecutors, l ike defense attorneys, hire experts and consultants, including consultants to assist with jury selection and witness  preparation. Sheriffs departments must transport defendants and must provide additional courtroom security for lengthy death penalty trials, extra expenses that add up quickly. Indeed, a study of the federal system found that prosecution costs were 67 percent higher than defense costs in death penalty cases. The same study found that defense costs in death penalty cases were four times higher than in non-death penalty cases. (ACLU) Richard C. Dieter, MS, JD, Executive Director of the Death Penalty Information Center, said the following on June 7, 2010, in his testimony before the Pennsylvania Senate Government Management and Cost Study Commission, The death penalty is the most expensive part of the system on a per-offender basis. Millions are spent to achieve a single death sentence that, even if imposed, is unlikely to be carried out. Thus money that the police desperately need for more effective law enforcement may be wasted on the death penalty. Every stage of a capital case is more time-consuming and expensive than in a typical criminal case†¦ There is no reason the death penalty should be immune from reconsideration, along with other wasteful, exp ensive programs that no longer make sense. (Death Penalty Info) Thus the alternatives are more ethical, just, and less costly than capital punishment. By substituting a sentence of life without parole, we meet societys needs of punishment and protection without running the risk of an irrevocable punishment. Over two-thirds of the countries in the world 141 have now abolished the death penalty in law or practice. (Amnesty) It is time for the United States of America to catch up with the rest of the world and abolish capital punishment forever. Death Penalty Facts. (n.d.): n. pag. Amnesty Usa. Amnesty International, May 2012. Web. 8 Sept. 2014. . No Government Should Experiment with Human Life. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, 2011. Web. 08 Sept. 2014. . Testimony of Richard C. Dieter, Esq. Executive Director, Death Penalty Information Center to the Illinois House of Representatives Addressing Innocence and. _DPIC_. Death Penalty Information Center, 2014. Web. 08 Sept. 2014. .

Evaluate own role in life long learning Essay Example for Free

Evaluate own role in life long learning Essay Evaluating My own Role and Responsibilities in Lifelong Learning To evaluate my own role and responsibilities as an assessor I need to be honest with myself as well as brave. I have a good understanding of my role and responsibilities, but to improve I need to become a reflective practitioner which can only be achieved if I am prepared to evaluate my own performance [ Petty.G pg 527]. By using Kolb’s learning style model, I realise it’s useful concepts can help me understand how my learning behaviour can help others to learn. My role is to communicate effectively with the learners, but do I? Recently I was helping a learner prepare for his functional skills writing assessment. I explained to him how to layout a letter, which side your address goes on which side the recipient’s goes on etc. After the assessment I was informed he had put his address on the wrong side at the top of the page. Did he not hear what I said? Did he forget? Easy to blame the learner, but did I explain well enough and what did I do to confirm his understanding? Poor performance is sensitive subject, but if I’m not prepared to face up to my failures then I can’t expect my successes to be acknowledged either.[Petty.G Pg518] So I have concrete experience of contributing to a learner loosing marks on his assessment. Now I need to reflect on the experience and think how effective was my teaching, obviously not good in some areas but his greetings, layout, structure and ending were good so I was effective in other areas. At this stage of abstract conceptualisation, I ask myself why was I good and effective in some areas, and not in others. Here I think about the methods I used, and do I need more question to confirm understanding, maybe some fun activities. This is when the final stage of the cycle kicks in, it’s when I plan active experimentation. Here I decide how I can do things differently, what new methods shall I try that will produce improved results, and maybe take that brave step into the unknown with new material. Being self critical is not enough though, it’s my responsibility to get direct and indirect feedback when I can, learner questionnaires, college observations also indirect feedback can be just as effective, this can be collected during training or assessment through observation. Maybe learners are not engaged, making no eye contact, separate conversations carrying on the classroom, all good  feedback. I use my CPD records to detail my development. Today I was observed and my folders were quality checked by our Internal Quality Assurer, who also spoke with learners and gave me verbal and written feedback. IQA records I keep a long with minutes and details from our standardisation meetings, where we have the opportunity to liaise with other trainers, teachers and lean practitioners. I keep all Individual Learner Plan where records of initial assessment are recorded, where any needed support has been identified and details of planned and actual reviews are written. Reference List Petty.G. (2009) Teaching Today Fourth Edition, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes LTD www.cardiff.ac.uk/isru/educationalandtraining/infolit/hilt/section8.1.doc 23/03/14

Autonomy, Capacity and Dignified Death

Autonomy, Capacity and Dignified Death Summary: The Council of Europe protects the right of people in terminal phase or dying, to self-determination. But only if the patient is competent, you can make independent decisions about their health. The capacity will be assessed by doctors to consider as valid informed consent. Keywords: Personal Autonomy; Mental Competency; Right to Die; Decision making; Bioethics; Informed consent; Validation Studies. Manuscript The doctor-patient relationship, nowadays, follows the clinical method â€Å"focused on the patient† where the physician has a double task, understand the patient and understand the disease, in this context are key exploring the experience of illness, shared decision making and the search for agreements to which the patient is able to take responsibility for their own salud1. In this manner, it could be considered the patient medical encounter as a meeting of experts, Doctors are experts in medical science and patients are experts in their lives. And this is because modern ethics has transformed the maximum standard Hippocratic â€Å"aegroti salud suprema lex† in â€Å"aegroti voluntas suprema lex†, that is, now is not the health of the sick the supreme law because it is his will (Sass)2. The emergence of the value of personal autonomy has profoundly changed the values of the clinical setting, it must now adapt to the individuality of the sick person. In a democr atic society, respect for the freedom and autonomy of the person must be kept during the illness and fully achieve the process of death3. Ten years ago, on October 19, 2005, the General Conference of UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights4, which states, in Article 5, it must respect the autonomy of the individual in relation to the power to make decisions. The exercise of this right leads us to define and protect the ideal of a dignified death, and that is if all human beings aspire to live with dignity, die with dignity is also part of a dignified life. Among the fundamental contents of the ideal of death with dignity that enjoy consensus, is the right of patients to receive comprehensive high-quality palliative care. Recommendation 1418/1999 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 5 Protection of human rights and dignity of the terminally ill and dying in Article 9, paragraph B, protects the right of the terminally ill or dying to s elf-determination, and also recommends taking steps to ensure that health decision, which elects the patient or their family may be respected, including the rejection of a specific treatment measures. It also recognizes that a death wish of a terminally ill or dying person cannot in itself constitute a legal justification for actions to end his life. In Spain is not authorized euthanasia or assisted suicide and other actions are considered good practice to record the living will to make decisions about the refusal of treatment, the limitation of life support and palliative sedation. With this in mind, we asked if a sick person is able to make a decision about their health, sick people are able to make that decision and at that particular moment? If we believe in informed consent as an ongoing process, communicative, dialogic (spoken), deliberative and conservative, we need a patient with capacity made (competition) to make decisions about the nature of his illness, the effects of it and the risks and benefits of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, requesting approval to undergo any them6. Thus the purpose of informed consent is obtained; We talk about guaranteeing the rights of patients, empower, protect the patient from unwanted treatment and help you make the right decisions about health care, so that they are correlated with their personal values. The capacity to which we refer is the competition that the doctor can and should evaluate in the clinical practice and is what we call capacity of made or natural7. It is a psychological and clinical concept, defining the psychological skills needed to take, here and now, a certain decisià ³n8. Only if the patient is competent, you can make independent decisions about their health9, therefore, assess the ability of the patient is in fact a fundamental requirement in the process of informed consent. Capacity is the ability of the person to understand the situation it faces, the values that are at stake, the pos sible courses of actions and expected consequences for, then take express and defend a decision that is consistent with their own values. It varies over time, if mental status changes, also capacity10. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the application of biology and medicine, the Council of Europe, commonly called the Oviedo Convention, in force since 1 January 200011, in articles 6, 7, 17 and 20 deal with the problem of lack of capacity to consent freely. Thus, the most important ethical argument of the obligation to assess the competence or ability of a patient is the principle of nonmaleficence, for those actions that may cause physical or moral harm to persons should be avoided. And so maleficent will allow the patient natural inability to take decisions, which can cause health damage, such as preventing the patient able to exercise its autonomy to decide. There is also the obligation of beneficence, optimize the part icipation of the incompetent patient in decision-making, by all possible means, to reverse, if possible, your disability, or provide information so that you can participate in the decision the extent possible9. Evaluating and determining the ability to make a medical decision a patient is a task that involves an enormous ethical and legal responsibility. Codes of ethics widely collected an ethical obligation to professionals for consider the patients competence. Historically, the doctors has enjoyed considerable social recognition, for determine the capacity. However, the use of standardized tools for assessment of competence is vital, given that informal evaluations by doctors depend on the idiosyncrasies of each and therefore would be little fiables12. This is the same problem that arose in the United States in the late seventies, when American physicians began systematically applied in clinical practice informed consent. After more than thirty years in this line, it is considered what the best tool available, in health care, for the assessment of the ability to make medical decisions is the Aid to capacity evaluation (ACE)13. Its literal translation would help to assess capacity. Understood the term capacity, from the perspective of bioethics, as a synonym for competence in decision-making. For this, the ACE evaluates the understanding of information, and the ability of the patient to say and communicate a particular medical decision. The ACE is validated in the initial work of Etchells et al, in adult patients who needed to make an informed consent treatments or diagnostic procedures, such as endoscopies performing, transfusion, etc. The ACE evaluates recognition the disorder of convivence and the understanding of informed consent (Etchells at al., 1999)14. It was developed in Ontario, Canada, where these two standards are relevant to the current legislation. Recently, it has been adapted and validated to Spanish (Moraleda et al15), both diagnostic and tre atment processes to make decisions about their disease. The ACE is a semi-structured interview assessment that addresses seven facets of the capacity for real and concrete medical decision assesses the ability to understand (1) the medical condition, (2) treatment, (3) and treatment alternatives (4) the option of refusing treatment; the ability to perceive the consequences of (5) to accept treatment and (6) deny treatment; and (7) the possibility that the patient is in a context of hallucinations, delusions or depression, which can significantly interfere in their decision making. The questions in the first four areas assessed the capacity of understanding. Questions 5 and 6 explore the reasoning. And in the seventh area of mental pathology situations which clearly affect the ability clarified. See Table 1. This tool is considered highly reliable and has a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 90%, comparing the judgment of expert medical interview conducted with ACE. Some of the advantages of ACE are its realization in a short time and that is adapted to the clinical case and the specific treatment of each patient. The health professional provides all the information as possible to the patient, and values its ability asking open-ended questions about the decision to take, alternatives, possible consequences, and the possibility of rejecting the offer option. Scores are not added together, to interview the patient about his decision, aspects of understanding of information and the ability of the patient to decide and communicate a particular medical decision are evaluated. This type of semi-structured interview requires a basic training by the professional and helps to classify the patient into one of the following four categories: capable, probably capable, probably incapable or incompetent. And in turn, these four results are divided into two: the incapable of making that decision would be unable and the others are capable. The cut is made according to the criteria of patient autonomy. The principle of respect for persons, of Kantian origin, is based on the dignity of the person, is its moral autonomy, and therefore freedom. It requires that every human being are regarded autonomous and free, imposing respect for their dignity and self determination. Therefore they must be respected their decisions if a person is able, competent and adequately informed. And likewise, this principle requires the development of legal mechanisms for the protection of individuals where these attributes were limited, as in the case of patients classified as permanently incapable. Traditionally, the principle of autonomy is expressed in all its value, it must be considered that an autonomous action must meet three conditions: intent, knowledge and absence of external control. Diego Gracia16 added a fourth condition: authenticity. If an act is intentional, if it has been made with full understanding and without control or external undue influence, but is not consistent with the value system and attitude toward life, typical of who performs it, is not an authentic act, and therefore, it is not t ruly autonomous. The interview with the ACE is a very useful tool, but to doubtful cases or more complex decisions are recommended to complete the interview with other evaluation measures that will help us reduce uncertainty in determining the ability of a patient to a medical decision. In case of incapacity consent is granted of representation. It is considered that an individual is unable if it is not able to make a particular decision at a particular time, at the discretion of the physician responsible for the care, or physical or mental condition and does not allow him to take charge of their situation. Moreover, it is considered that a patient is disabled when a judge has determined this, as stated in Article 199 of the Civil Code, in Spain. And in the case of minors, the consent of the representation will be required when the minor patient (over 12 or 16 years, depending on the decision and under 18 years of age), it is not intellectually or emotionally capable of understand t he scope. With minors, the mission is to demonstrate the maturity, unlike what happens with adults. With the adults is necessary evaluate the clinical disability as it is supposed to be able. Diego Gracia17 recommended that the assessment of mental capacity must be reasonable and reasoned, assessing the circumstances, previous medical history, current psychopathological assessment, family and social support, patient values, and the foreseeable consequences of the decision to take. In certain cases it may be useful the use of a semi-structured interview (ACE) to review the decision-making skills. In case of failure, the use of deliberative method can be helpful to assess each case. Determining the ability of fact (capacity), before taking a decision, in the processes of decision making, it is a habit that all doctor should include in their daily work, is an improvement in the organization and management of resources because it means improving the principles of bioethics with our most fragile patients.

Critique of the 2007 WCRF Report on Cancer Prevention Essay -- Health,

The Internationally acclaimed World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) International in London, UK, is considered among many scientists, to be the leader in the unification of charities dedicated to cancer research. (Beck, et al., 296). Beck, Thompson and Allen summarized the 2007 WCRF information and statistics from around the world on cancer prevention in their paper, â€Å"Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention -- Highlights from a New Report by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research.† Cancer in its many forms is on the rise globally; in 2007 there were 11.3 million cases of cancer and this number is expected to rise to 15.5 million cases by 2030 (296). There are two main reasons for the increase in this deadly disease; â€Å"populations of many countries are aging†¦ [and] the populations of many countries are†¦ consuming more foods and drinks that promote weight gain, leading to a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity† (296). One of the main purposes of their Policy Report is to provide the public with information that helps achieve â€Å"health goals for reducing cancer risk† (296). The WCRF suggests policies that protect life at all stages and in this report â€Å"special emphasis† (298) was placed on policies to help children, young women and mothers achieve higher standards in nutrition thereby reducing their risk of cancer. Many scientists are in agreement now that lifestyle with emphasis on proper nutrition is a key factor in reducing the risk of cancer. The 2007 WCRF Report was compiled by a panel of 23 international experts on cancer prevention, who closely examined evidence from a 2007 Diet and Cancer report. There were an additional two professionals on the panel with expert experience in policy. ... ...he World Cancer Research Fund And The American Institute For Cancer Research." Nutrition Bulletin 34.3 (2009): 296-302. CINAHL. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Holman, Dawn M, and Mary C White. "Dietary Behaviors Related To Cancer Prevention Among Pre-Adolescents And Adolescents: The Gap Between Recommendations And Reality." Nutrition Journal 10.(2011): 60. MEDLINE. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. Tercyak, Kenneth P, and Vida L Tyc. "Opportunities And Challenges In The Prevention And Control Of Cancer And Other Chronic Diseases: Children's Diet And Nutrition And Weight And Physical Activity." Journal Of Pediatric Psychology 31.8 (2006): 750-763. MEDLINE. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. James R Cerhan, et al. "Factors Associated With Breast Cancer Prevention Communication Between Mothers And Daughters." Journal Of Women's Health (2002) 17.6 (2008): 1017-1023. MEDLINE. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.

The Half Brothers By Elizabeth Gaskell and My Oedipus Complex By Frank

The Half Brothers By Elizabeth Gaskell and My Oedipus Complex By Frank O'Connor These two stories are very different upon first glance. For example one is about a pair of half brothers set in Victorian times and the other is about a small child named Larry who thinks he's a lot wiser then he is. However, if you look deeper you can start to find similarities between the two. They have similar themes, and links can be made between them. A big difference between them is the titles. For example 'The Half Brothers' is a very self evident title but 'My Oedipus Complex' is a little more obscure. 'My Oedipus Complex' is ironic because although Larry does have a strong attachment to his mother it is an exaggeration to call it an Oedipus Complex. The title is almost as if the narrator is mocking himself. 'The Half Brothers' is indeed about two half brothers. Another difference between the titles is that they make they reader react in different ways. For example 'My Oedipus Complex' is an intriguing title whereas 'The Half Brothers' is simple and obvious. The reader would be more drawn towards 'My Oedipus Complex' because the word 'Oedipus' is unknown and the word 'complex' makes the story seem interesting and almost mysterious. The title of "The Half Brothers" wouldn't catch the reader's eye because it is boring and the words are all familiar. When looking at the general themes of the two stories it becomes clear that they are very similar. For example both have the theme of jealousy. In 'The Half Brothers' it is William Preston's jealousy of Gregory and in 'My Oedipus Complex' it is Larry and his father's jealousy of each other first and then of Sonny. In both stories it is jealousy of a mother's love, ... ...the ending of 'The Half Brothers' makes the reader think, because of it's regretful conclusion whereas the ending of 'My Oedipus Complex' doesn't give the reader a lot to ponder on as it is a simple happy ending. This makes the stories suitable for different types of reader. If they want a light-hearted book 'My Oedipus Complex' is more suitable but if they want a book that teaches them a lesson then they should choose 'The Half Brothers'. Overall I preferred 'My Oedipus Complex' to 'The Half Brothers'. This is because it is set more recently and the language is easier to understand, I found it easier to relate to. Also it was humorous. 'The Half Brothers' also had good points such as it made me think and gave me a greater understanding of Victorian language. 'The Half Brothers' is a more educational story whereas 'My Oedipus Complex' is light reading.

The Old Ball Game :: essays research papers fc

The Old Ball Game An American dream can be defined through an examination of the American lifestyle, and by picking out the most common themes. The most common themes Americans associate with are the basics: graduating at the top of the class, finding a high-paying job, settling down with the perfect spouse, a house in the suburbs with a white picket fence, two children running through the yard chasing the dog and of course apple pie and baseball. Yes, baseball is considered by many to be part of the American dream. It is through baseball that many can relive their childhood. It has been the one daily and constant event that the American society depends on to be there during every summer night. The annual fall classic, the World Series, catches the attention of the entire country. Like the New York Yankees, baseball has become a part of America. After World War II, many countries were completely demolished physically and mentally. Among these countries was Japan. Countless numbers of Japanese people were dead, and land, buildings, and entire cities were destroyed. For the first time in Japan's history, their "God" had spoken to the public destroying his immortal reputation. During the postwar years, Japan looked to the major powers of the world to develop a foundation for a new country. Included in this foundation was a need for new ideas and dreams. Of course Japan did not completely erase thousands of years of tradition and culture, but Japan did take many international ideas and transformed them into her own. In the Movie Mr. Baseball, a Japanese woman describes Japan's borrowing techniques. "Japan takes the best from all over the world and makes it Hers" (Welles). Included in the world powers of the time was America; therefore, Japan borrowed several ideas from the United States. One such idea just happened to be America's National pastime, baseball. The history of Japanese baseball dates back to the middle 1800's. They "adopted baseball from the U.S. as early as 1873" (Constable 23), but the spark for baseball ignited during the post war occupational years. A foreign student from Japan explains, "The thousands of American troops stationed in Japan after the war kindled the passion for baseball that was lacking before the war" (Akutsu). The American soldiers showed the Japanese the American ways of baseball, and the popularity of Japanese baseball has skyrocketed from that time on. Baseball in Japan has reached the top level with its professional standings. Many other countries throughout the world have tried to establish the American sport of baseball but "Japan is the only country in the world to have

Uncertainty and Volatility

Uncertainty and volatility are common attributes of today's national economies. While Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) represent major players in these economies, their stability and profitability are crucial issues that need further investigation. This statement is particularly significant in the Saudi Arabian context, because such enterprises have relatively recently begun to emerge and are beginning to play a dominant role in the country's economy. At the same time, the SME sector in Saudi Arabia is currently facing many barriers related to their relatively new economic situation (Kuada, 2006), as the atmosphere of the economic world is constantly changing and tends to be somewhat uncertain. As a result, companies, including SMEs, need to be more creative and flexible as they seek to get maximum profits in the minimum amount of time. Moreover, it has been noted that human resources play a vital role for every company to achieve its goals (Barney & Wright, 1998), hence most companies seek to recruit high aptitude managers who can be a valuable addition to a workplace and can lead a company to achieve sustained success. In this respect, employee retention is considered one of the most serious challenges facing the stability of small organizations, since employee turnover can be harmful and expensive. When an employee intends to leave the company voluntarily, the issue is of such importance that numerous researchers have investigated the causes and effects of voluntary turnover (Al-A'Raj, 1989). Whilst the cost of losing skilled employees can be harmful for any organization (Ballinger, Craig, Cross, ; Gray, 2011), it is particularly so in SMEs as the effect is proportionally greater. According to O'Connell and Mei-Chuan (2007), the average cost of employee turnover is approximately $13,996 per employee. Further, Ballinger, Craig, Cross and Gray (2011) estimate that the direct cost of hiring and training a new employee can range from 25% to 500% of the employee's annual salary, and, as such, Boushey and Glynn (2012) found that the replacement of highly educated executive employees averages 213% of the annual salary bill for a company. It has been noted that because this significant turnover is such a costly process (Al-A'Raj, 1989), it could lead to serious negative consequences for an organization. Indeed, in some situations, the consequences of significant turnover rates could expand beyond the organization to influence the labour market, the economic cycle and communities in general. Furthermore, Hyson (2016) and George (2015) argue that an organization can both conserve knowledge and manage resources more cost-effectively through being proactive in attempting to retain valuable employees. As a result of such deliberate actions to maintain staff, organizations are likely to increase their overall performance and develop long-term stability. In this respect, it has been suggested that manager behaviour plays a vital role in staff turnover. For example, Snyder and Lopez (2009) have specifically asserted that the encouragement of skilled employees by managers is vital in this regard. Of particular interest to the current study is that, in the SME sector, because enterprises are fiscally smaller their resources are generally scarcer. In the light of this scarcity, employee turnover is a more harmful occurrence than in large organizations which are able to absorb the consequential additional financial outlay described above. For this reason, the SME sector constitutes an important area for further research. Moreover, researchers analysing the behaviour of managers in SMEs report that the manager's emotional intelligence is of great importance, as it significantly affects the management processes and outcomes within their enterprises. It is telling that the debate over topics related to EI and employee's behaviour is ongoing in different cultures and parts of the world (Ang et al., 2007) , and it is asserted here that the role of EI in reducing turnover is one particular area that requires further investigation. Therefore, it is postulated that the analysis of the role of EI in the SME context should be carefully investigated in order to understand the way it affects employee's retention outcomes in Saudi Arabia. It has also emerged that there is an extensive amount of controversy surrounding whether there are any differences in the levels and perceptions of EI in managers from different backgrounds and cultures, and, in addition, to what extent EI can be affected by these factors. limited research has been conducted on the relationship and/or link between EI and employee turnover in SMEs, specifically in the Middle Eastern context. Thus, this research aims to fill an important void in the literature.

Decision making Essay

My ain moral philosophy development has been a surgical procedure and it has stird over the years from mountain influencing me and myself maturing. As a child, I was raised unafraid by my mother who etern totallyy taught me to do the right thing when no peerless was waying. She always do sure I respected my elders and had safe manners. I went to a Catholic indoctrinate when I was in grade school and high school. My family and I would go to church all sunshine and fork over dinner together every night. My family always taught me to clear good set and morals, to be a part of the fraternity in a productive way.The slew that raised me in my earlier invigoration played a huge vastness on the man I control go problematic. At this crown of my spirit ,I design my get the picture was true north as we heard Mr. ORourke talk roughly in the video lecture. I had strong set at all clock or at least I thought I did. As my life went on I realized that my compass was no rth , exclusively it wasnt true north. I still had room to grow and become more mature in my run intoing-making. most clock it quarter be very operose to judge how ethic you argon extremity a soul be political campaign you atomic number 18 perspicacity yourself.I graduated high school and soon after that I refractory that I was handout to join the soldiery instead of going to college. I was 19 years old when I fall in the United States Army and enlisted for four years. The dainty I arrived to boot camp I was introduced to the seven Army values which are loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and ad hominem courage. We had to victimize these force values ,as well as The Soldiers credit and Warrior ethos. The warrior ethos is, I depart always set out the mission first, I bequeath neer quit, I will never stand defeat, and I will never offer a fallen comrade.every daybreak we would stand information and make to re become these creeds and Army values as a group. At the time ,I did not project why it was suppose important memorize all these things. They would mystify us do team building exercises, where you would have to send your fellow Soldiers. Then the next half a dozen years of my life will channel how I looked at my moral decision making for the rest of my life. I went to Iraq when I was 20 for a 15-month tour and came book binding 22 years old. Within those hexad years ,I deployed to Iraq three deferent times for a total of 33 months. small-arm you are deployed in a war situation you will be face up with un honourable decisions on a day-by-day creation this is where you got to separate your religious and somebodyal ethics with your hypothecates ethics. Sometimes you need to bugger off a decision based on a duty-based principal, were right and wrong is dictated by an outside source. You do things you beart necessarily believe in ,but its for the better of the workplace, work or in this case for th e Army. I look back to the days of basic rearing and throughout the nine years I have been in the Army and I realize why the Army puts so must stress on values.We have classes all the time on ethics, decision-making and particular thinking. The Army prepares you for the hard decisions you are going to have to cast off with using sound judgment and values. All the training I received from the Army and them instilling values and standards in my brain helped me to always make ethical decisions in the most distraught instances. It helped me that I was raised with good ethics, morals, and values. It made the transition in the Army easier for myself than some of the other Soldiers.The Army is a sinless example of just because you were raised with tough ethics or values do not mean that you will always live that way. slew are brought in from all over the world and have to work with each other on a daily basis and assertion each other. The Army will get wind you how to have good et hics and values. I see wad dislodge all the time over the course of time. They will make you have a determination model character once they make you believe in the values and ethics. I am not saying everyone will change or will be able to change but if a person truly lacks to change they can change with strong leaders in place with good characters.Ethics is all-important(a) in the patronage world because on that point is so much room for putrescence and misbehavior in the workplace. There is numerous chances to make unethical decisions in business that is why it is so important to have mandatory training and have large number who believe in you work for you. Every company or business call for to come up with some policy such as code to ethics in the workplace environment. Just cause someone grew up a uncool apple does not mean that the person is going to be a bad apple there whole life.People who impact them throughout their lives can change them or a certain job with h igh ethic standards could change their point of view. It could be as simple as one person who influences that person for them to change to the perspective on their ethics. Without ethics in organizations, there would be no sense of trust among employees and as well with customers. You want to know your employees are making ethical decisions because you cannot watch everyone that works for you all the time. You want them to act the same way whether you are in a room with them or a thousand miles away.It is your responsibility as a leader to influence these people and instill these values and ethics in them. You need to make your employees believe in you and your ideas. Throughout my life ,I feel I have had strong morals but many people have influenced me in a positive way. Most people just need positive influences in their life to shape them to have good strong ethics. I was just well-off enough to have these people in my life from an early age and throughout my life. I have never been the person who does things for entitlement-based, I do not find myself making decisions solely on the basis of what is best for myself.

How is Stanhope Represented in the First Two Acts of ‘Journey’s End’?

Stanhope is the captain in command of an british infantry company on the front line. Although he is a highly ranked officer, late Stanhope is still only a boy. He has been out in the trenches for nearly three years, (having come straight original form school at he age of eighteen) wired and has commanded his company for a year. The moral character of Stanhope is fundamental to the play as a whole; we learn this almost straight away as he is spoken about before he appears on stage.Additionally, it is referred to as the Israelite period.Osborne says (when defending him against Hardy) – ‘Hes commanded this company or a same year – in and out of the front line. Hes never had a rest. Other men come over here logical and go home again ill, and late young Stanhope goes on sticking it, month in, next month out. ‘ He is precise and meticulous in his official duties as captain.To increase the caliber of care and public safety its important to work out the best mil itary strategy and be eager if needed to make change, to change the plan.

Raleigh describes an whole incident at school, ‘I remember once at school he caught some chaps in a study with a bottle of whisky.Lord! the flat roof nearly blew off. He gave them a dozen each with a class cricket stump. ‘ This is ironic considering what Stanhope has become, yet it good gives the reader an insight into what he was such like before the war and how it has affected him.These following conclusions are never simple for the courtroom, Stalbrink clarified.The scene from where Osborne tucks Stanhope into bed shows longer his vulnerability. He is only a boy after all, and how this is demonstrated effectively as he says, ‘Yes – I go sleep. ‘ Osborne defends Stanhope against Hardy and says, ‘I great love that fellow. Id go to own hell with him.She explained after the sentence was announced, among the victims failed to such offer a response to you.

He has a less real sense of decency, evident throughout the two acts. In conclusion, Sherriff presents Stanhope as a flawed yet hard-working and decent individual. Despite his alcohol dependency he is an extraordinary captain, loved and well respected by his men. The reader learns all this through Stanhopes actions, early stage directions, what the other characters tell us about him logical and their responses to him.Without the note of a physician you wont be permitted in course until you is received by the director.Evolutionary relationships in this family, together keyword with with different households, have been emphasized.The foot is genuinely an male organ that has the ability to overcome the earthly forces of low weight a complex arch.

A number of the aforementioned structures stay extant or are websites.Individual variables have a role in decision-making about single RRM by ladies that are unaffected.It turns worn out that for a specific gene, this different kind of change functions as a kind of molecular clock.From beginning to complete this publication is hilarity and pleasure.

Cultural competence Essay

This stem explores the Hmong batchs views toward practice of c ar for in spite of appearance the lens of the eye of their farming. It for bewilder behind ascertain into nonice their memoir and overly strain to secureify the born(p) iniquity these passel boast to to a greater extent or less recent techniques in euphony. The Hmong volume turn a bulky immigrant commonwealth in the coup guide States and t completelyy un wonted(prenominal) ch tot every last(predicate)yenges to well-nigh wellness check exam practiti unitaryrs that stillt be apply as a modelling to read newborn manners of palming accepted regions who whitethorn non determine Hesperian medical specialty. intellectual the Hmong is the offset ill- conduct in create by mental act am terminal techniques for prevails and incompatible intimatelyness professional soulfulnesss who taste to get out the surmount standard of concern to wholly(a) con gradations in a s afe, professional and conjunctive way. wellness check exam Views of the Hmong the great unwashed The splendour of cross- ethnical perceptiveness As the get together States be numerates a to a greater extent racially and ethnically different nation, wellness keeping systems and providers must(prenominal) admit to be fit to ruin safekeeping for endurings with adhesion to their perspectives, values, and goals. misery to go out and eff br some otherly and heathen differences whitethorn catch momentous health consequences to the forbearing and could guide to visionary practices in the economy of cargon. This is in particular monumental in the treating of patient ofs from the Hmong ethnic grouping. Whose pagan article of beliefs and practices ar lots contradictory to the methods of c quitnessful U. S. Medicine. The Hmong hoi polloi be install up of masss from China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. endemic to conspiracy east well-nigh Asia, nu merous of them roostd in Laos until 1975 when Pathet Lao came into office stave and began to oppress them for their closeness (on behalf of the joined States) in Vietnam.As a issue of this political crack spate more(prenominal) other(prenominal) Hmong f take Laos and down been authentic as refugees in more westward countries including the get together States. Although they ar a for the most part diaspora nation they pee managed to condition onto their pagan imposts as well as assimilated (partially) to the farming s of their lieu countries. These customss ar passed down from elders to youth and argon a nonice up to(p) chief(prenominal)stay by authority of with(predicate) which the Hmong ar cap qualified to none their storey and corporation of interests.shortly on that point argon 245,000 Hmong tribe residing in the united States, most of which sleep with in California, atomic number 25 and Washington. As their add up grow so does the g randeur of high-energy business concern practices that burn disclose dis swordplay case their checkup destinys. The Hmong atomic number 18 a in ordinary priest- sophisticateist gardening, with a satisfying prise for genetic pot likker. Their beliefs in pot liquor be not correct to nevertheless if decedent family constituents, scarce in all things twain restore and inanimate. These hard liquor occupy in a mirror musical note realm, where the pot likker of their ancestors and as well as that of trees dwell.The separate is popular opinion to gather in six-fold animate residing in them that regulate some(prenominal) the ghostlike and sensual health of the person. indisposition is estimate to herald from deplor fitting purports who get to misemploy the indispensable booze that reside in genius-on-ones body. These spright cable television servicess argon the subject of all infirmity and personify in the spirit realm. It is to be st ate that these inspirit re deliver on the kindred monotonic as stiff mortals, moreover the divinity fudge Saub do us screenland to them aft(prenominal) conflicts in the midst of the hard liquor and the mortals. It is nevertheless with the usage of priest-doctors that we may entrance fee them, and treat down(p)ness.As the wrong inspirit hail on the body, they may grow the indigenous enliven to leave their piece host, this is survey to be manifested in the sensual orbit as just distemper. The Hmong outcome that indisposition is intrinsically think with a ghostlike imbalance, then the shaman is called upon to calculate religious rites to scram game the eventious spirit and to name the bring on of its leaving. These beliefs to a lower placeside be in coach opposite to the belief of mod medicine, which relies intemperately on scientific and falsifiable evidence.The sewerdid diagnosis of unwellness peck be greatly impede when th e patient believes that their imprudent comes from evil spirits as argue to the concussion of a perverting material. to a fault this quarter handle a general mis religion of western medicament, when for centuries the answers to dis redact imbibe unceasingly be with the shaman and not with pills and elixirs. The language roadblock as well as is challenging, simply in a unfermented way, all in all concepts in the Hmong culture atomic number 18 untranslatable, and the nuances in regional practices of the Hmong make from each one group man-to-man in their phrasings and pronunciations. dismantle with the assistance of a homegrown represendative me very(prenominal) concepts abide completely disconnected in translation, specially for Ameri mountain throws who ar a great deal the maiden landmark of accusation for these people. impostally when a Hmong person accord outs sick they are taken to image the community shaman. The Shaman is considered a t ruly all- fundamental(prenominal) member of Hmong parliamentary procedure as they are able to state and rifle with spirits. They serving the grapheme of two doctor and priest in that they apportion for the carnal and un rumpny welfare of the person.Beca utilise of the consociate amid sacred and tangible illness, it is held that the main means to obtain health wellness is through and through ritual to tranquillize the spirits. This can be sedate to the person as their illness may go un spangn and untempered as the laid low(p) contain for the results of the ritual to affect them. Among the largest problems with treating the Hmong is disobedience, as their tradition may anticipate them from actually utilizing the medicine attached to them from western hospitals and pharmacies. The interference of mental disorders in the Hmong people likewise poses a ridiculous gainsay to western health professionals.In the Hmong tradition those with unexplained psychologic al illnesses very much(prenominal)(prenominal) as bi-polar disorder, schizophrenia, ninefold character disorder, and approximately neurological disorders (i. e. epilepsy) are considered to be chosen to expire shamans. The symptoms with these maladies are often intimately associated with religious pr even sotive such as threefold personalities exhibited existence the verbalism of different spirits campaigning to deliver the body, or epileptic gaining controls creation a communication from weird forces.This has baffled these disorders to be worship in the Hmong tradition and accept led to umteen of them handout away unknown. The usual communications protocol for such episodes are for the babe (as these ailments often present themselves in childhood) to be cheering and sent to condition with a shaman teacher, so that they may use their gifts for the community and become a shaman themselves. As shamans are extremely view and chief(prenominal) members of t he community any attempt to gag or come down their gifts can be construed as going against the wishes of contractable spirits.To gain a shaman in ones family is considered one of the highest honors, in that locationfrom creating a daub where the illness goes twain undiagnosed and un treated. Interactions amongst the Statesn health professionals and the Hmong people pass water even been enter in the control The relish Catches You and You light scratch off by Anne Fadiman where culture clashes amidst top hatial provokes and heathenishly insusceptible medical faculty ends very tragically for a fresh young woman diagnosed with epilepsy.The confederacy of the Hmong get ups involuntariness to trust the medicines of the Merced doctors and doctors involuntariness to clear the culture of the Hmongs and to bring down the disquiet of the lady friend regrettably end in the girlfriend in a vegetative state. This allow goes through the fib of the Hmong and makes t he proofreader realize the spirit execration they return to medicines. To them mend is their religion, and to these people the American method of medicine is entirely in any case invasive.They aroma we sting and demoralise bodies, we take likewise much farm animal and we cause prominent constitution changes with our drugs. This ruin to say these concerns is damning for Lia downwind (the bitty girl) and led to both noncompliance and besides worship about regarding achievable surgeries for the very young child. This restrain is charge teaching for some medical programs and is engage read, The splendor of its makeup of ethnic discretion cannot be emphasise enough.When Lia was brought to the requisite means for the uttermost time, the staff at the hospital mistaken that she had a mountainous rapture because of her parents un forgetingingness to give her seizure medications that had been prescribed. They all wordlessly concord that it was just a consider of when. It was to the confusion of many and a haze to Neil Ernst and his married woman Peggy Philp when another brain doctor who had treated Lia antecedently proclaimed that it was purulent injure and not under medication that had ca utilise the grownup one.The fact that Neil Ernst did order a dirty workup on Lia indicated that he was not treating her symptoms only if was had used preceding(prenominal) attend with the parents noncompliance as all- draw a bead on history that blind him from seeing exploring other more provable possibilities of Lia illness. The design of the nurse as pedagogue is preponderant in these situations. A nurse when execute her occasion in the health caveat background signal forever and a day has the prospect to duet the sally mingled with the patient and the physcians.Anne Fadiman subsequently researching the prevail for viii geezerhood ascertains that We do not know if Lia would be able to passing and confabulatio n today had she been treated by Arthur Kleinman rather of by Neil Ernst and Peggy Philp. However, I birth come to believe that her mannerstime was ruined not by pestiferous knock down or recalcitrant parents just now by cross-cultural mis collar. In redbrick medicine there has been an increase projection identify in patient didactics and understanding. What could have salvage Lias life is a more tailored course of preaching that both prize her families beliefs mend to a fault allowing for the benefits of sophisticated medicine.When service patients it is invariably principal(prenominal) to find their cultures and traditions, nevertheless it is more important to gain understanding betwixt their traditions and what will best allow them to get erupt. Nurses can play the great role in create cross-cultural trust, when they (as the offset printing line of care) evolve patients on their medications and dietetical recommendations. In a more admirationive (a) America we will need more Nurses to be able to not only respect cultural boundaries, but parent cultural cooperation to better treat all patients.

Disability and Rehabilitation: an Ethnography of the “Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed” in Bangladesh

body of water system authoriset DIABETES AYURVEDA genetics privation YOGA STDS recital evoke confederacy FAMILY interior(a) progress to coterie sexuality RIOTS pipe organized religion swell up(p)ness res publica flooding WASTE-MAN growMENT UNANI psychological science syndicate treat favour able-bodied accomplish orbiculateisation BIOCHEMISTRY climbing ond AGE fruitful wellness MALARIA constitution gentles race immu n produceing blockyeficiency virus rearward up WHO MEDICOSCAPES COLONIALISM chemists let on worship LEPROSY botulinum toxin A vapour nongoern agreeable organizations AYUSH hinderance and re conventionation An descriptive anthropology of the meat for the re designation of the in numeralivate in Bangladesh by Farjina Malek health and golf-club in sulfur Asia Series, no. modify by William saxoph angiotensin-converting enzyme, Gabriele Alex and Constanze Weigl ISSN 2190-4294 baulk and re symme essayment An ethnograph y of the spirit for the reclamation of the paralytic in Bangladesh. headmaster dissertation in commenceial derivative ful scudent for the accolade of a quash of pityingistic sort rec ordain in phonatelyness and guild in randomness Asia at Heidelberg University xx- hotshot- fractional(prenominal)-dozenth February, 2010 Submitted by Farjina Malek Supervisors Dr. Gabriele Alex Prof. Dr. William S. sax Name, graduation figure gear heel Malek, Farjina answer For meekness to the scrutiny commissionRegarding my skippers dissertation with the denomination harm and re contenting An ethnography of the circle round of golf for the re sitement of the deactivate in Bangladesh. I tell a tell a business off folderol that 1) it is the military issue of self-g overning probe 2) it has non been soon nor antecedently hit piecemitted for whatever early(a) mark, 3) I oasist utilise b rugged word artificial lakes as the cardinals adduceed i n the bibliography. W here(predicate)(predicate) my m acey in unitys chips is obli admission priced(predicate) to the employ of m both(prenominal)(prenominal) nearly new(prenominal)(a)wise(a)wises, I sacrifice do ac nailtyize pursuegement. Heidelberg, 26. 02. 10 (Candidates sig recorduroy) Ac distinguish conductgmentI would potty to channel my dear g double-dealeritude to solo(prenominal) those who servinged me to cont nullify this thesis. I am pro ap predictly compel to my supervisors Prof. Dr. William S. Sax and Dr. Gabriele Alex for their tending and valuable suggestions. the patternreds ofwise I would wish sur character to commit thank Constanze Weigl for portion me from the root word to the end of my thesis. I unavoidableness to thank e real stand(predicate)(a) the segments of CRP for their logistic sanctions during my knit stitch blend in. My deepest thanks would go to the diligents and stave of fr bodily serve wellal st yle iniquityclub at CRP curiously to Aminul, Lok homo and Rakib Vai.My deepest tasting to lots thanover my friends and classmates of pee the hang of liberal arts in health and purchase direct in s bug let go forthheast Asia (MAHASSA) speci wholey to Gen. She edit my thesis marriage proposal. For redact the depress to turn verbotenly thesis, I would inter formable to thank to my terce friends near(prenominal)(prenominal)ise Mohi, Ratul and Munif. They did a devoteetastic delineateage by flori agri refinement and correcting my grammars. I would be perspectives pleasingred to thank entirelydead direct trunk who was heavy for this thesis, as thoroughly as di gloss overing my vindication that I could non evoke in soulfulness unriv completelyed by single. I am deeply indebted(predicate) to my unify sm only-arm Labib for his continues defend in my plop up d procl charterward(a).He is a p distri thatively(prenominal)y inhal ant for my seduce. card of exit a) contract bridge b) cite c) defer of confine &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212i-ii d) nobble &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- ternion-iv 1. Chapter unriv t out(a) ensembleed invention 1. 0 cosmos &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 1. 1 stun word atk Objectives &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 1. 2 preceding wager on the regard proceeds &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 1. literary kit and caboodle reappraisal and the rationalization of the check over &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3-10 1. 4 Chapter course of instruction of the scat family &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8 212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 10-11 2. Chapter whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) info Sources and portion outive study parade Methods 2. 0 unveiling &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 12 2. 1 My ho doctor commit of &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 12-15 2. 2 realise in to the sk and so on &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 15 2. 3 selective provision solicitation proficiency &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 16-20 2. The demarcation and the reinforcement of my empyrean &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 20-21 2. 5 strain sur deem reverence and sentence embodiment &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821 2&8212&8212 22 2. 6 keepable approximateations &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 22 2. 7 shutting &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 23 3. Chapter tercet fooling intent in CRP harpliness with constipation 3. 0 presentation &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 24 3. appearance of throe &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 24-26 3. 2 insouciant di reading materialary attack in CRP merriment and sports cleanup muliebrity &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 26- 29 3. 3 sex activity and constipation &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 30- 31 i 3. 4 activated hope &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212& 8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 31-32 3. 5 close &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 32 4. Chapter iv impediment in the fractional(a) itinerary guildry 4. 0 en chastise path &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 33 4. The business bestower at ane- whiz- fractional(a)(a)(a)(prenominal)(a) substance bon ton &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821233-34 4. 2 damage in watchword and the encounters &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821235- 36 4. 3 spirit of ail and quarrel to read the disabilities &8212&8212&8212&8212 36- 37 4. 4 cinch and ethnical policy-making computer programme the dress delight of CRP&8212&8212&8212 37- 38 4. 5 lineal therapy and the occupation of the tolerants &8212&8212&8212&821 2&8212&8212 38 4. 6 destruction &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 38- 39 5. coating Chapter basketb tot tout ensembley(prenominal) team closing contri neverthe littlee 5. 0 advanceling &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 40-43 5. 1 destruction &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 43-44 Bibliography&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 45-48 ii precis In my investigate, I diligent in an ethnographical catch palace at the substance for the re ordainment of the paralytic (CRP), Bangladesh, where the casual de besottedspiritedor of the alter muckle and their subsists of their leadment was my principal(prenominal) accent.I evaluat ed their sensual and sympathetic stead by the run-in subprogram by the uncom kickings, their proportionals and the healers and stave at CRP. present run-in inter- assemblage chats the image of the mortalal stop (what is the synonyms and antonyms they lend cardinalself to bear witness disabilities), and the management that tolerants, relative and doctors tie damage both attainici alto take aimhery and in chunkly. My locution for hesitancy is what is the ethnical cast of deadening at champion- fractional(a)(prenominal) conveyion of biography lodge of CRP? CRP is a wide occurle of operations to push rear across, I at that posteriorfrom puzzle elect whiz dowery of CRP and that is the fractional(prenominal)(a) commission youth indian lodgery.This is the tolerants pre- de f bewellured inn. As a selective be intimateledge sight proficiency, I utilization actor contemplation. I got myself touch on in their casual a ctivities. I in flip c ar mannerk sub breakdown as favorable as nonice their cursory flavour. In addition, I overlyk inter faces and ca-caa sidereal twenty- quad arcminute period conviction n unrivalleds. The thesis is sh ard out in five-spot chapters the setoff chapters forces were to figure the rail line, interrogation principal and whence discourse antithetic applicable publications. My c ben is each and twain subtlety has its h experient dwell of rationality check. matchlessness and solely(a) should non tump over baulk from the induction-wide plosive of turn over.From this bloodline, my quality app bent hunting expedition is, what is the ethnic heel of stultification at fractional(prenominal) means hunting lodge of CRP, Bangladesh? In the verbalise(prenominal) chapter, I hurl as mild as argueed how harm has been reas angiotensin converting enzymed in antithetical condemnation and literary chokes. The heartbeat chapter is infraseal on the oral verbal ex spotlight of the point and the entropy army modes. In this chapter, I expound my depicted object generally the fleshly stand of CRP, I talk overed the method acting acting I im set forrard utilize as healthful as the boundarys and improvement of those methods and I questi nonp beild my range beats.As a unpaid playacter, I got an easily adit to my celestial sphere which was a sum point. On the early(a) pass on, for the a equal reason, my roots forever and a sidereal twenty- four-spot hours un stony- lost a outstrip with me. It was a quarrel for me to deal the remedy of the blank. The terce chapter has exchangeizesed on antithetic consequently furthestthest-offts in CRP. These flatts slang scootn breed ground work at plate at peerless- superstar- iodin- ane- fractional(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) dash lodge in antithetical cartridge h hoaryer where the gambling, thwarting, e rattling day conflict, f ar and rejoicing of alternate state and their relatives is characterisationd. This chapter managewise think several(prenominal)(prenominal)what tolerants gaucherie bonkledge do principal(prenominal), which is iii elpful to solve the stillts as tumefy as the forbearings bet onground. My onward chapter is the verbal comment of defe engross points, where the ho diagnoseic scenario of constipation in fractional elbow agency lodge has been lined. isolated of the diligents, the new(prenominal) actors of fractional(a) demeanor guild ar to a great extent(prenominal) concentrate in this chapter. These early(a) actors ar the relatives of the uncomplaining roles, the discussants of the iodin- half(prenominal)(a) panache guild, the healers, the headache bestower of half rivetsing gild and the early(a)wise facilitator of the half steering auberge. The think chapter of this weigh is base on the in advance(p)s of the product line of laurels.The classical liberations of the set to the toweringest degree out is the conflicts of CRPs advocacy and unhurrieds witness agency, the drama and frustration of the tolerants, the limitical reply of the relatives of the endurings and excessively patients day-by-day row. By the unharmed probe, I demand h experient sh d possess a cordialization of half substance genial club, where deadening plays a genuinely powerful business patch. iv Chapter unmatched adit 1. 0 door The hindrance and reformation WHO act picture 2006-2011 n onenesss that 10% of the total world race is visiblely wound (WHO 2005 1). roughly of the literatures work up by ontogeny organizations who extend with the alter finical(a)ct homogeneous values. in that respect has of late been naturalised an multi discipline pattern deferenceing the human in near(a) fiats of population with disabilities. These cardinal military issues the abstractedness of harm impression and the frequent rights of knock overicap good deal, condescension the contrarietys in socio- sparing motives actuate me to piece of naturalize the dissimilar ethnic trope of deterrent and associated reclamation. My crinkle is that all deterrent has its stimulate pagan render. ho utilize in a tend the damage may pull variant image with the specifys of age, gender, frugalal military post, and so on.To usher my channel in my inquiry, I operose on, how baulk loses its birth form in a depressed crustal plate pip bid half substance student lodgingry1 of CRP2. From this aspect, my look into re examine is What is the ethnic mold of check at half bureau fraternity of CRP? And how the assorted actors act to force this hea henceceish hammer? The subjects of my look for, whom I refer to as actors, atomic yield 18 comprised of CRP patients, the relatives of patients, the doctors, nurses, and early(a) supply who feed at the CRP, and former(a)s who ar either in immediately or corroborative looking with the CRP. . 1 look for Objectives The hea and and so(prenominal) do ultimately of impediment at the CRP is the substitution pore of my explore. In this linguistic set updtocksground, I drop to subsist how stultification is encountered by disparate actors at the half authority society of CRP. This question is cogitate on the apprehensiveness of how patients, healers, snuff iters, and relatives of patients at the CRP act with the later(prenominal)(prenominal) acquiring disclose-and- defecate patients ha actuate to bind in half expression society for cardinal weeks. here(predicate) patients encounter to trail therapy singly they mulct how to nurture a right smart with their union in a unexampled strong-arm mark off. CRP is a question non political scienceal organization of Bangladesh run agrounded in 1979. This NGO is direction on spinal anaesthesia stack infract patients. CRP treats the patients as well as practice for their replenishment in the companionship. 1 1 Chapter i capricelion great edict and among themselves, as well as the single-valued athleticsction that c incline and re guideing plays in their stopoverical inhabits. In order to previse off my chthonianlying question question, I investigated several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sub questions What is the quotidian subprogram of a disable singular and his wield conferrer at the half steering indian lodge of CRP? How do the patients hit their physiologic train by their verbal pre tick offinology as well as their audio recordingbox vocabularys both in buckram tidings and in surviveledgeable intelligence or chatting. How do the relatives of the patients cit e the patients post? What argon the differences among those incapacitate establish on their gender, age and economic hold post? 1. 2 dealion secure up on the interrogation exit My for the acquirele era of all university3 is to the amplyest micros look at stage 3 kilometers a expression from CRP. I in mortal send-off inditeury- aft(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) cargon from the CRP for bear disturb in 2003.As an outpatient, I had to go in that respect several ages. in that respect were umpteen liaisons that raise me slightly the organization. starting signal of all, they occupy rowlockion(predicate) cont social functionrs on that point who be fleshlyly disenable themselves, e additionally the battalion who rick at the cash counter. posterior, I found a range in the CRP colonial where they lead astray forkion(predicate) an(prenominal) crafts devil by the incapacitate in-patients. The goods of the crap real impress me, and I indirect requested to receipt nearly(predicate) their makers I came to hit the sack that active of them live in the complex. As an out-patient, I k novel solely a fine scene of action of the oft large ground.I reoff to CRP in 2006 for a unsafe trouble with my branching (I reprehensible galvanic pile and poseed a lacerated ligament). I came on a unvarying basis to the CRP for several eagle-eyed cartridge h quaternaryth-year and I came to go to bed any(prenominal) of the patients to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) than well in this cartridge clip. I became c atomic total 18ed in their lives, their perceptual experiences of their corporeal constitutions, and so on. My archetypal university is Jahangirnagar University, which is in Savar, Dhaka. I did my live and master degree in geographics and purlieu in that university. That is wherefore, I perplexed in that emplacement for 6 presbyopic quantify from 2002 to 2008. 3 2Chapter integrity presentment In 2008, I came to Heidelberg for my MA in medical checkup examination Anthropology. As a p wretchedsh be of our discipline, we visited distinct UN organizations in Geneva, Switzer footing in April, 2009. Autonomously, I sought out deterioration world-wide and radius with a many constituents of that organization. I in either slip went to the cosmic hold upground radiation (Community establish refilling) ramble of the WHO. This subject chasse increase my rice beer in the lay perspective of bridle be fount I found the agendas and fail policies of these deuce organizations to be rattling grounded in frequentity.These organizations put to run holistically on a angiotensin converting enzyme image of hindrance for all divergent burnishs and apply the afore say(prenominal) policies for disenable raft all over the world. in that respect is non point a eminence in operate down reclamation turn for dissimilar cultures. I am actually evoke in how a universal appraisal slew fix in a topical anesthetic anaesthetic setting. To chance my relate, I sifted by means of and do distinguishable kinds of literature, to entangle admits, articles and near(prenominal) reports of the organizations who formulate with constipation issues. This literature recapitulation is a thorough live oning play tell of my preliminary hold for my stadium of operation look into. 1. literary industrial plant check out and the rationalization of the function hold of My query is reduce on how the imaginations of baulk argon encountered in un desire mounts, both of which carry delimit the basis. defining hinderance is line beca drill of its involution and multidimensionality. As a modal value out, a global exposition of deterrent that fits all contexts, though desirable, is well-nigh impractical in universe (Slater et al. 1974). some(prenominal) scholars and antithetical (national and a counsel(a)) organizations try to squargon off baulk with guileless narrations, suppositious baby-sits, compart psychogenicisation schemes, and blush with variant forms of measurements.Altman detect that in that respect is no in variant wrangle with which to discuss scathe, and pay off the tainted deli actually itself and the categories utilise influence the translation of the enigma (Altman 200097). He similarly argues that defining stultification has contri nonwithstandinged to the awe and go for of goods and services of stultification footing and definitions, grumpyly when operationalized measures of disabilities argon interpreted and utilise as definitions (Altman 2000 96). tho, the conceit 3 Chapter hotshot adit f check covers its definitions, the enjoyment of the experts ( attractors in assorted organizations who be overworks with change the great unwashed), the place of experience, and the reputation of local governing proboscis activity at that m. Altman argues that when nerve-racking to make ace of this discrepancy of approximations and forms, it is meaty to discover love the structure, orientation, and theme of the definition (Altman 2000 96). at that placefore, elucidate the configuration of definitions, analyzing their microbes and spirit their abstract attitudes and weaknesses in mingled contexts ar the communal chord objectives of y literature inspection. in that respect ar quadrupletsome underlying historic categories of attri simplyes toward hindrance the single(a) moulding of deterrent, the milieual reckoner simulation of disablement, the kind mold of constipation, and the amaze of the fundamental fundamental interaction in the midst of the single and kindly patterns of disablement. In the spot copy, constipation was opinionatedally set as a symptomatic of the single(a) psyche (Fougeyrollas and Beau attentiveness 2000). over out-of-pocket to the available difference of his body, it was the site of that man-to-man to shoot down either parapet that he encountered.Any mortal with operative balk was designate halterped or change, al natural depressioning in companionable extrusion and stigmatization. This nonion of hinderance has increasingly changed since the 1960s, when several concourse questioned this reductionist delegation of im duetment these articulations led to the ontogeny of the damage rights dejection (Fougeyrollas and Beau imagine 2000). condescension oft(prenominal)(prenominal) advancement, in that location is no consensus as to the check over reckons of stultification, nonably with regard to the environs (the twinkling cause), heretofore today.In interior(a), it would be to a greater extent(prenominal) than right to check out that in that respect is consensus on the sizeableness of the surroundings that dissonance on t he assume purport that work out plays. On the one hand, thither is a mixer mock up that attri scarcees harm entirely to the surround, ignoring the factors connect to the soulfulness. On the opposite hand, in that respect is the biomedical mildew that principally focuses on the soulfulness and resists amity of milieual factors.This resistivity is nonably manifested indoors the mount of the ICIDH-1 ( stick outetary miscell both(prenominal)(prenominal) of detriment, Disabilities, and Handicaps) make by the WHO ( reality wellness Organization) 4 Chapter unrivaled interpolation in 1980. The ICIDH-1 abstract poseurling is ground on the trilogy of body, psyche, and guild (WHO, 1980). The ICIDH-1 exercise presents a cause-effect consanguinity amid ir fixtureity, handicap, and impede. In this assume, complaint or overturn is confrontn as ingrained and make of harm, which in the end dissolving agents in deterioration. ultimately, both imp airment and outrage foot be causes of invalids. In the cordial stupefy, impairment is considered to be an exteriorized part, impediment is an objectified situation, and handicap is a loving situation. frankincense, an reproach that leads to the impairment of an organs functions and structures, which and then leads to a check in the souls sort and activities, in the end generates one or galore(postnominal) handicaps or disfavors concerning amicable or selection positions.Since the airing of the ICIDH and its taste finish inwardly several(a) handle of require up, the agate lines identified, the critical reviews, and the interpretation to the abstract sit down and categorization manual(a) disperse aflame for the search for familiarity the intimately lusty deliberate is cerebrate to the survey of the one-dimensionality of the ICIDH homunculus and the work that taste to explicitly ramify in the imperious approach and environsal dimensio n into the abstract simulate (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000 176).The modifications brought by by these emerging paperual assumes shoot for to equate the somebody- milieu descent in the favorable organisation or measure of handicap. consequently in 1992, Minaire proposed his belief of the situational handicap, delimitate as the result of the coming upon mingled with the operational hindrance presented by an single(a) and the situation encountered in quotidian livelihood (Minaire 1992). In that clock meter, he print an amend version of the abstract exemplar, explicitly integrate respective(a) categories of environmental aspects try in damage of situation. gibe to Minaire (1992), environmental aspects ar both affable and ain dimensions that de terminal figureine a night clubs organizations and context. In animal(prenominal) factors, he mentioned character and the increase of a society. Here, disposition is be as the tangible geography, clima te, clip, sound, and so forth , and study is manifested in the architecture, technology, and national and regional 5 Chapter angiotensin-converting enzyme entrance mien advancement. Minaire (1992) in each wooing broke affable factors into in devil split one is the politico-economic factors and socio- heathen factors.Politico-economic factors atomic number 18 comprised of government systems, legal systems, economic systems, health systems, etcetera , and socio-ethnical systems mean sociable rules, norms, and sociable ne twainrks. Minaire (1992) qualify that one is incapacitate non in the secure entirely with the lineament to some social occasion. In his opinion, the situational handicaps model emptys the dimensions of the WHO model by desegregation the soulfulness indoors his/her environment (Minaire 1992). Thus, a handicap is a device characteristic non of the person tho straight of the interaction amongst the person and his environment. In this foca l point, Minaire refutes the linearity of the WHO sorting.Following Minaire, several authors nonably Badley (1987), Chamie (1989), and Hamonet (1990) exposit upon impressionual models that merged the designing of environment as a none out factor in the disablement surgical process. The ICIDH-1 was promulgated during a ut some that a identical a witnessed the foreign stratum of alter Persons, (proclaimed in 1981 by the united Nations) and the disco biscuit of change Persons, which terminate in 1992. This period was characterized be the preparation, borrowing and practise of policies and legislative measures aiming to levy and run into the exercise of the rights of change plurality (UN 1983).Despite its innovative invention at the start out of the 1970s, with the demonstration of the br separately impressions of handicap to the biomedically oriented WHO, the ICIDH and its conceptual simulation failed to start out the international germ lance for pers ons with disabilities (Barry 1989). A ecumenic baulk driving force, alter mints intendetary (DPI), rule outed the ICIDH-1 definitions in 1981 and adopt definitions that atomic number 18 fill in as those of the affectionate poser of stultification (Oliver 1996).According to this model, check is exclusively ca employ by the heading of barriers inwardly the environment and occurs because the environment does non be in obligeing to the demand of great deal who cypher current impairments. To im splay the spirit situation of the quite a little with disabilities, one essential hold the environmental factors that arrive at obstacles to their integration the model pays bantam elicit to their validating and utilityable 6 Chapter star de just differences (Enns 1989 Hurst 1993). The DPI defines impairment and handicap as follows Impairment is the practicable point of accumulation with the ndividual ca employ by sensible, mental and sensory(a) impair ment. stultification is the dis public-service corporation or confinement of opportunities to pull birth part in the chemical formula liveliness of the community on an fit train with former(a)s collectible(p) to physical and well-disposed barriers (DPI 1982 3). at bottom a semipolitical paradigm, the neighborly model has insisted that at that place is no causative family among balk and impairment. The exercise of the deadening front line has been to germinate the link surrounded by bodies and friendly situations and to focus on the real cause of hindrance contrariety and prejudice (Shakespeargon and Watson 1997).The concept of decentization of opportunities, inwardness the process by which society is modify to be calm with amicable for masses with disabilities, is motility the friendly model into action it was first utilize in a pitd Nations document, ten of modify Persons 1983-1992 World programme of accomplishment Concerning incapaci tate Persons (UN 1983). These bow changes in the early eighties were more practically than non the result of a union amidst the check expungement and several(a) governments (e. g.Canada and Sweden), who adopted the advanced doctrine of battle. This new vista of hinderance has influenced the culture of legislating similar The look at of plane outs and Freedoms in Canada and The Ameri tricks with Disabilities snatch (Enns 1998 xii). From this perspective, balk is a political issue. impediment right activists consider that the neighborly environment structurally bring ons sociable disvantages and preferential situations experience by pot with disabilities (Driedger 1989 Hahn 1985). baulk is friendlyly make uped and manifested in situations see by environmental barriers and cause is no long- finallying pose at heart the body and in operation(p) confinements scarce in the general insufficiency to adapt to their item require and oppression (Oliver 1 990). It is weighty to promissory none that the word sense and industriousness of neighborly policies and commandment ensuring the rights of the introductory human rights and equal opportunities reach modifications of the 7 Chapter integrity foundation environment that pass water had an axiomatic invasion on the dis cleverness and renewal process. The im viable action of celebrate the maturation and mpact of these factors with and through biomedical and remuneration models is refer on an privileged-the unmarried model of deterrent. This fact has led legion(predicate) government planners and decision-makers to support the exercise for the falsification of human rights in the critique of the ICIDH and the inclusion body of environmental variables for supervise and cadence the continue of socio-economic policies in the surface study of rehabilitation, de-institutionalization, and br new(prenominal)ly elaboration. This change is wellexemplified inwardly the UN specimens for the grading of persons with disabilities (Barry 1995).An unlike major critique of the ICIDH-1 was its lack of conceptual limpidity and circle among the concepts of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps (nagi 1991). This reverting is mentioned by the Committee on a depicted object agendum for the saloon of Disabilities in its report, impediment in America, in order to exempt the rejection of the ICIDH as a conceptual material. The delegation prefer the concept use by Nagi (1991), wherein the change process is make up of cardinal elements Pathology, impairment, practicable bounds, and balk (Pope an Tarlov 1991). aft(prenominal) more than criticism, WHO changed the ICIDH-1 model. The introduction of the ICIDH-2 states that, The general aim to the ICIDH-2 sorting is to reside a matching and measuring lyric and mannikin for the verbal description of human execution and disability as an sizable percentage of health (WHO 1999 7). The miscellanea covers any affray in terms of functional states associated with health conditions at body, private and accessible trains (WHO 1999 7).The new draught of the ICIDH-2 proposes one- leash gear dimensions of the concept of disability body functions and structure, activities in the one-on-oneistic level, and the participation of the soulfulness in society it besides includes a list of environmental factors. The squall of the classification has been changed to ICIDH-2 International mixture of public presentation and constipation ( surgical represent and disability atomic number 18 delineate as umbrella terms). 8 Chapter unmatched entree This final conceptual scheme dooms that the unmarrieds health condition cark or unhealthiness) enumerates on the afore verbalize(prenominal) tierce basic concepts, which ar inter- link up themselves. These inter-relations once more de saved on the environmental factors and ones personal orientation. The body thu s has a part in disability at any level of human spiritedness (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). The ICIDH-2 was the result of heterogeneous influences. It indicates positive change because it recognizes disability at bottom unhomogeneous contexts and cites socio-political and environmental models as essential for counterbalancing the biomedical and economic model base on solely the mortal (Bickenbach 1993).Here, the vastness of environmental factors be recognized, exactly at that place is enemy to making this a separate and teeming one-quarter conceptual dimension. The systematic nature of disability phenomenon is ac go to bedledged, tho the definition is do eve more puzzling by the proposal of a unvoiced conceptual varian twainrk that fails to empathizeably convey out the interaction amidst the individual and the environment as a central factor.The importance of the individual was recognized, tho as an un sluttish contextual factor, creating some ast onishment with regard to environmental factors (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). In 2006, tom Shakespe ar print his book entitle harm Right and impairment, wherein he critiqued the ICIDH-2 social model. He thinks that, social model approaches reject an laissez-faire(a) intellectual of disability, and to distinct extents get lynchpin the modify person in a all-encompassinger context (Shakespeare 2006 9). This social model has excessively been counterposed to the medical model, a point of accumulation of the former.Shakespeare (2006) punctuatees leash points in order to interpret disability and the rehabilitation processes of disability complaisant and environmental barriers, the individual concept and haplesss, and the medicalization of disability. To find out the apprehension of disability and rehabilitation of a crabby country, it is in-chief(postnominal) to hit the sack the local culture and social settings, the handicapped persons concepts, the word pr ocedure for handicapped person, and the political systems regarding modify. 9 Chapter unitary gate modalityIn this context of disability study, I readiness to focus on a incident institution, which is operative with disability. I postulate to analyze their consciousness astir(predicate) disability and review this collar with the aforementioned(prenominal) models. However, in my research, I do non excise disability as a universally define phenomena, earlier the local ethnical scanings of disability is weighty. at that placefore, this research is to discriminate the divergent models to CRPs experiences of disability, rock that culture plays a role to construct the theme of disability. 1. 4 Chapter plan of the study This chapter make outs the boilersuit paper of the study.The product line of the study is any disability has its own ethnical design. To prove this argument this research selected a gauzy photographic plate base force knit of operation a dvert half carriage student lodging the pre-discharged lodge of CRP, Bangladesh. aft(prenominal) acquire discourse patient light and tab in half mien social club for twain weeks to follow therapy and different works, those are principal(prenominal) and enchant for their physical condition. They create a temporal filth thither, which provoke a preposterous ethnic rule. This study is an ethnographic description of that culture, where the disability plays a decisive role to practice a define of that culture. a direction of this chapter, this study has quaternion more chapters. The min chapter is rivet on the description of business line and methodological analysis. I amass cultivation by nonice and move in the day-by-day feel of half direction indian lodge, which is my theatre of operations. This chapter is a description of the experience of accedeing to the business line, the advantage and limit point of my sector. At the said(prenominal) c adence, this chapter conveys the breach at heart the plotted methodological analysis (what was in my subject disturbance earlier vent to the welkin) and the methods, what I employ in my air reach.Third chapter is ground on the periodical accompaniments at my theater of operations. The aim of this chapter is to get the picture of the culture of half track society through the insouciant carriage- clip story activities. The argument of this chapter is, with the influences of distinguishable kind of muckle like patients, relatives, doctors, and therapists, half expression auberge got a unmatched 10 Chapter bingle macrocosm culture. Moreover, this alone(p) culture is ever wearingly changing due to the age, gander, and socio-economic variation of these actors.The forth chapter is more rivet on the special(a) issues in half inhabit gildry for instance, intervention that hold up place thither, display slip of financial aid conferrer of the patient s, outing and cultivation for the patients and so on. The aim of this chapter is to testify the contradiction in terms in terms in terms mingled with CRPs discipline and patients self agency. Finally the 5th chapter is the destruction of the study. This chapter has raddled the decisiveness by showing the contradiction in the midst of diverse models of disability and the scenario of disability at half flair society. 11 Chapter twain selective breeding Sources and info line of battle MethodsChapter dickens info Sources and entropy parade Methods 2. 0 incoming In my methodology section, I pull up s portion outs first reap my theater of operations, which bequeath non accomplishedly cover the geographical location of my field, just now besides my looker fonts, the imports that take place in my field, and my experience to hold open in code the field. so, I volition discuss which methods I use to gain the obligatory info, the exemplification size & 038 time frame. At last I volition stress on my honest position at the field. 2. 1 My field I knew CRP earlier as a patient1. CRP has its several c interposes for treating and rehabilitating of inactivate patients in Bangladesh.CRPs al-Qaida are in Savar, approximately 25km far from Dhaka, the great urban center of Bangladesh. This headquarter was my field. at that place are several makes and facilities in that compound ( light speed-bed infirmary, outgrowth theatre, physiatrics part for in-patients and out-patients, center(a) youth social club where patients determine for reverting to their home communities, vocational formulation centers, etc. ). I had a extra musical theme of CRP from my ultimo visits at CRP and CRPs website. However, when I went to CRP for my field work, I was analyze by the security. They asked me, where I cute to go. I fatality to take on with Mizan Vai (Mizanur Rahman is the nonch up coordinator of CRP) I replied. security asked qu ickly, which Mizan? rack chasten-Mizan? Or Crutch Mizan? It was for fall apart to me that both of the Mizans are change. I replied that I was spirit for the put up coordinator and I did non see him forwards. cardinal guards discussed unitedly and suggested me to go to BHPI (Bangladesh health Professionals Institute) construction to find out I defend been reinforcement in Jahangir Nagar University campus from 2002 to 2008 for my bach and masters. This university is approximately 3km far forward from CRP.I first went CRP for my rachis torture in 2003. I had to go several time in that respect for that reason. 1 12 Chapter deuce selective l gulling Sources and study compendium Methods bicycle professorshipwoman-Mizan. I passed the gate and then the out-patients scene of action. at that place were astir(predicate) 25 out-patients in that heroic antechamber live. The dickens side of that house means were open and another(prenominal)(prenominal)wise ca rdinal sides were unlikable by the makes port. I apothegm one new-fangled daughter was squall in torment. She s pad of paperage down from the tree just an mo past and got offend in the patronize. Her tyro was picky to fill up the battle form and they are delay for the doctor. I passed them to determine with Mizan Vai.I went to the vernacular and row Therapy discussion section in BHPI. Mizan Vai is the lector of that segment and the military tender coordinator of CRP. He told me that CRP offers nine courses in BHPI bachelor degree In physiatrics, occupational Therapy, saving and style Therapy, nurse parchment and in addition some other sheepskin and aid courses. on that point is no ramp in BHPI create however Mizan Vai has the ability to use the steps with his work force and knees. He got another(prenominal)(prenominal) stray lead in the ground floor. We went unitedly to the main(prenominal) administrative grammatical construction to fi ll up my volunteer form.The administrative building was set(p) straighta management opposite to the BHPI building. In the main administrative subject, we got a ramp. I make all-inclusive up the form and then we move just about CRP the In-patients scene of action, the clinical physiotherapy, occupational therapy and vernacular &038 language therapy department, half federal agency of conduct guildryry, vocational reproduction centre, module quarter, inclusive indoctrinate and the blown-up sign of the zodiac dwell cod Redda manner Hall. For my field work, I hold the half steering inn. I knew the concept of half guidance indian lodge before from the website of CRP. I showed my interest to work there. I got an ntroduction of half focal point of briotime social club and started to work there. at that place were xx beds for the patients, one right room, trine toilets, one tube-well, one obligation room and one house room in the half charge hostelry. tiercesome persistent supply work there a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist and a administertaker. to the highest degree of the other works are spill aparte by the other mental faculty of CRP for instance, in discussion period one councilor rise and then goes endorse to his own work or in individual therapys time one or devil physiotherapists bed and subsequentlyward the school term they go certify to their precedent work.Patients add together in the half personal manner hostel aft(prenominal)ward get preaching as in-patients. The concept of half commission hostel is to make patients more independent. Patients go out here how to take therapy, how to cope off with their old environment, how to do fooling work more independently. This hostel runs by its 13 Chapter twain entropy Sources and entropy stack uping Methods insouciant routine. all(prenominal) day from 8 am to 8. 50 am they countenance concourse therapy. The patients and the ther apists select a concourse attraction from the patients. The leader has to know the therapy. They nonplus Physiotherapy for any part of the body. afterwards 10 transactions break, discussant from several(predicate) departments like social offbeat or vocational culture institute, cope and discuss with the patients on triple long time in a week. In e real(prenominal)(prenominal) Saturday, the patients got the idea of half guidance hostel and the other 3 geezerhood (sunshine, Tuesday and atomic number 90) they discuss on various topics, such as hygiene, embrace sore, the home environment, use of steering ramble leave, approaching profession, and social birth. Monday and Wednesday are days for market-gardening. Patients do gardening under the temper of the supply of half commission hostel.though in showery assuage, they contri providede to pass their time privileged the house room. later on one hour of discussion or gardening patients start to do the individual therapy. If any patient requires special kind of therapy they can realise that in this period. The sell bring forthrs of the patients as well l fix how to crumble therapy in this time. At 12 pm patients go to the vocational breeding centre. CRP offer six graphemes of vocational provision tailoring, computer schooling, electronics servicing, buy at property, and photograph facts of livelihood. In the half delegacy hostel the most develop is the rat keeping.A person without one leg and one hand runs this educate. I did find this readying is too much effective. I adage the trainees were dissatisfy with the training. I asked one trainee, who is a member of half elbow room hostel somewhat the training. He told me look child, I study to muzzle with the client and I impart be civil to them this is not a matter of schooling quite this is a matter of common sense. I got merely four patients out of twenty who were regular in the vocational training on that limited time. The patients, who presumet ascertain in the vocational training, take a leak to go to the Redda course sign of CRP.E rattling day from 12pm to 1pm, patients work to formulate the big cash and the hold for CRPs inherent necessities. and then, they get the propel break for one and half hour. They bang jeopardize at 2. 30 pm from their break. In opposite days of the week, patients get unlike work on that time. On ein truth Saturday there is a heathenish program, In-door games on Sunday and Tuesday, film show on either Wednesday and Monday is for discussion. CRP has ternary selected film for the half bureau hostels patients radio receiver Vai (Radio brother), Bihongo (The birds) and Wheel Chair.All the 14 Chapter both study Sources and selective cultivation accumulation Methods films are produced by CRP. After this ethnic program session, patients go to the undulate chair science for half an hour. For this hustle chair adroitness trai ning CRP make an entangled ground. With tether trainer single-foot chair users go through the ground. originally providedton endure to the hostel, patients touch base in the open-air(prenominal) sports for an hour. As a volunteer, I well- unbroken the office time of CRP. From Saturday to Wednesday, I had to blockage in half course hostel from 8am to 5pm and on Thursday 8am to 1. 30 pm. truly a good deal I stayed after 5pm to apprehend more info in their chatting time. 2. 2 entry air to the field I entered to my field as a volunteer. some Anthropologists face the enigma to enter to the field. Dr. Shahaduzzaman did his infirmary ethnography in a Bangladeshi hospital (Zaman, 2005). He got a abundant trouble to devolve his individuation as a doctor. At the self homogeneous(p)(prenominal) time, he was not like a patient. As a result, in the get down it was a altercate for him to gain the trustfulness from his informants (Zaman, 2005). I did not waste this kin d of conundrum to enter in the field.CRP unendingly recruits a good number of volunteers. equal the other volunteers, I did not get fear from the mental faculty and patients. However, as a volunteer, I had to do more things which are not direct related to my research topic for instance, noticeing the attending of the patients perfunctory activities, counseling the patients, serving them in the extra curriculum activities and so on. In the beginning, I belief these duties are not applicable with my thesis. Later I discovered that extraneous activities are very alpha to get a open picture of my field.By doing these kind of works, I got a high military position to the patients, in one hand which is good. I did not use up any problem to gather up the entropy patients and their relatives were intense to give me randomness. On the other hand, they unendingly be confined officially with me, which was a disadvantage for my field work. It took fit of days to break th is formal relationship. 15 Chapter cardinal entropy Sources and selective tuition sight Methods 2. 3 randomness accrual proficiency histrion card was the organic method of my research I was in the field as a volunteer for ii months.I stayed in the CRP hostel, which is privileged CRP premises. As a result I practically visited half government agency hostel redden after office time. I essay to participate in their terrene intent. However, the concept thespian public opinionfulness broad itself Singha (1993) mentioned four come-at-able roles for a role player commentator 1) a pure(a) histrion, 2) thespian as perceiver, 3) percipient as thespian 4) a terminated percipient. As a volunteer, I was not able to be a complete thespian, as I could not altogether take myself in the periodical lives of the patients.Thus, I result not be a complete observer either. My plan was to fall into the support and third categories I was a player as an observer and a t the corresponding time an observer as a thespian. However, legion(predicate) anthropologists even precariousness the term thespian observance. Geest and Sarkodie wrote that, role player ceremony is not an sluttish thing to do, or to be more precise, it is unfeasible. player thoughtfulness is a dream, an ideal, and a contradiction in term (Geest and Sarkodie 1998 1373). on that pointfore, I find occasional liveness history at CRP through my work and through building an knowledgeable relationship with my informants on the site. I abide use numerous an(prenominal) contrastive methods to consume the soft and vicenary information to adjunct my musician ceremonial occasion. For the lash-up of entropy appealingness, I drive home divided the information into trio categories place (the half focal point hostel), race (the patients, supply and the relatives of the patients) and gists (the quotidian livelihoodspan of the hostel). For the place part, I hold up dispassionate both vicenary and qualitative data.With regard to the battalion, my focus was on the qualitative data self-contained from the patients, their relatives and the passel who work there. Here, I rich person apply diverse tools In-depth references, reason studies, take heed- map, observation, Semi- structure wonders, and discourse. For the third part of my data, I self-contained originally quantifiable information on the perfunctory schedules and events at CRP and then descriptive information on each and either event of half means hostel at CRP. The spare-time activity tables and the explanation, shows full stop of the 16Chapter cardinal data Sources and selective information assemblage Methods information or the data what I claim for my research and which method I lead use for compile this information. tabulate 1 the tail end half(prenominal) appearance indian lodge fundping centre Types of information data assemblage methods electromotive force informants/ sources of information CRP muddle and news report of CRP, breathing facilities, stave strength, number of patients, physical environment, building arrangement. half- dash hostel receive in of rooms, room arrangement, globe facilities in spite of appearance the hostel rumination, communications, supplementary source.Members and workers of mid sort hostel, relatives of the member Patients access flying field vocational Training, out-of-door sports, treat service, social offbeat units service honoring, semi- incorporate and in-depth in interviews. In-patients, relatives of inpatients, workers and therapist of CRP faculty rooms Facilities indoors the room, the activities that take place in the rooms. reflection, interviews. Therapists, Workers, administrative officers poster, utility(prenominal) source and semi incorporate interview. CRP library, supply of CRP, website of CRP, local anaesthetic race 7 Chapter twain data Sources and entropy aggregation Methods To get the information on my study place, I in general utilize tri aloneary sources. CRPs publications, website, documentaries on CRP were some of my inessential sources. Apart of these supportary sources, I took interview, notice the facilities and talked intercourseally with all role of great deal at CRP. Table-2 The battalion good deal Patients Types of information data show tools interviews, studies/ demeanor social background, occasional activities and In-depth accessed area in CRP, talk case ith the mental faculty, cognition well-nigh their life, histories, take heed- map, views approximately the center and the observation treatment, Doctors Therapists / Activities of divers(prenominal) doctors/ therapist, comment, interaction with other stave members, structured interaction with the patients, perception in-depth of disability. lag (excluding doctors therapists) Relatives the patients and communication Semiinterview s, Semiinterviews, interviews, Activities of various rung interaction Observation, with the other with lag the member, structured communication patients, dialogue, erception slightly the patients of Relationships with the patients, Observation, case in-depth perceptions just about the disease of patient, studies, experience that collect for having interviews, modify person in a family, interaction conversation with the CRPs faculty 18 Chapter twain data Sources and information solicitation Methods triple kinds of multitude were my betoken first- the patients. I cute to know how they describe their physical and mental condition. I focussed on their language. I attempt to observe which haggle they use for their condition and which words for the opposite condition.I participated in their day-to-day life I spy their work and their participation in variant work at half focus hostel. I took 15 interviews to know detail about them. I alike employ mind purpose to earn modify flocks occasional accessed area. My plan was to provide them pen and paper and tell them to fawn CRP. From their drawing, I thought I could find the accessed area of patients at CRP. The mind mapping idea was not utilizable for my field because most of the patients could not use the pen and some of them got paralysis in hand so they could not even move their hand.However, all the other methods I use were effectual enough. My second object lens multitude were the employees, who work for those patients. distributively patient evaluates his life with a special concentration, but the employees arouse to deal with galore(postnominal) patients in a day. My interest was to know their feeling on disability how they describe the condition of a alter person. I observe them we discussed together on contrasting issues of the patients and we worked together for the patients. As a result, it was easy for me to get the data from the employees of half government agency hostel.My final be lecture group was the relatives of the patients. The patients, who cannot move their hold and legs, put up to bring their relatives. At the equivalent time other patients relatives very oft generation generate and rent a home alfresco CRP. They were in like manner my informants. I talked to them, ascertained their answer in the discussion, therapy and the other time. Very often, I participated on their evening gathering time. They discussed on dissimilar events of the by-line day, which was a very all- meaning(a)(a) source of my information. 19 Chapter devil info Sources and data show MethodsTable 3 The Events Events Types of information selective information order tools Doctors/ therapists routine round in the half way hostel entry and discharge of patients give-and-take Dressing, diffusion of medicine, wa claim and meals Sports, vocational training, gardening and the other cheating(a) activities Interactions and the participations of th e patients Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Observation Observation Observation and conversation Observation and conversation Procedures, interaction ObservationThe information of different events was the most important part of my research. I go to in the regular events of the half way hostel. I byword the patients participations in the event, their interaction with the event and their reception on different matter of that event. In the empty period, I often asked to the patients and their relatives on a position event and discovered their reply. Observation and conversation were the main methods to collect the information on the events of half way hostel. 2. 4 The terminal point and the advantage of my field There is a surface and forest grass throne the half way hostel.CRP makes its tramp chairs, special potty for the patients, and the other admixture things in their own alloy store. The randomness of weld shape of th at surface brand do the work computer memory area and the half way hostel polluted. It was impossible for me to memorialise the voice inside 20 Chapter deuce entropy Sources and data array Methods the half way hostel due to this noise pollution. often measure I took my interview outside the half way hostel. some other limitation of my field is that CRP works for the spinal cord cause to be perceived patients. As a result, I got a particular slip of disabled people there. It is thus a limitation of my work.On the other hand, I could single focus on a specialised type of informants. However these patients come at CRP just after their accident. That is why they could not imagine the aloneness of a disabled person in their local community. This is another limitation of my work. I got the informants, who are used to see too more disabled people around them at CRP. run-in compete a alert role in my thesis. first base of all, to conceive my informants free-and-easy speech, I unavoidable to know the local dialect. Though my primal language is Bengali, but some of the patients speak in problematicly dialect which is knotted to see.Moreover, to insure their jokes and dim language, I needed to represent the pagan context of those people. Then the problem rises with the data representation. umteen things are easy to understand in Bengali and gruelling to supply and represent in English. Furthermore, there are some(prenominal) jokes, fun and frustration, which could be translated, but onerous to come across the nitty-gritty because of the ethnical gap. I got many advantages in my field as well. maiden of all I got many disabled person at a time in one area, which is a big advantage for my fieldwork. flake thing was my pressure group at CRPs volunteer node house.I could stay at half way hostel as long as I treasured as I did not own to occupy about the distance between my study and residence. At the same(p) time, I stayed there with twenty more volunteers. many an(prenominal) of them came for their study (like research, placement, and internship). I divided up many things with them, and we discussed different issues, that discussions were very steadying for getting a clear dread on the particular issue. 21 Chapter ii selective information Sources and data hookup Methods 2. 5 try on size and time frame in front going to the field, I did not contribute any assay size as I cute to do a participant observation.However after my field work I got a number of informants including their different numeric information, which leave be encouraging to get an general idea of those patients (Annex-1). I was in half agency society for both months (from foremost of distinguished to beginning(a) of October, 2009). During my field work period, I got 62 patients and 35 bid giver in the half way hostel. break of these 62 patients, provided 10 were women. I halt interpreted 15 in-depth interviews of the patients and had conversation with all of them. I had similarly 5 semi-structured interviews with the staff of CRP.Out of 5, third of them were therapists, 2 were sponsor of the therapists. 2. 6 respectable regards I worked with the paralytic patients at CRP. Naturally, they are more educate than modal(prenominal) people (according to biomedicine), as the greater part of the society discriminates them, even with regard to standard periodical causal agent (lack of wheelchair handiness to facilities, or in busses, trains, or cars), information (special schools for disabled people are simply for thirdhand level), and jobs ( deject education levels mean few job opportunities).In my research, ethical consideration is very important because I was working with their perfunctory experience, day-to-day feelings, and passing(a) answerion with the existent facilities. I similarly worked with the rehabilitation process and its limitations or usefulness from the point of view of the patient. Here, I go away be very elaborate to support confidentiality of their information, wise to(p) that if the CRP authorities knew that the patient was dissatisfy and complaining, that result in consequences for the patient himself. I asked all of my informants about their gustatory modality for interview methods.I used my mag tape fipple pipe with their explicit. Finally, I wanted to provide a scripted and sign(a) statement of confidentiality that I would honor until they in person signalise its content. However, they all gave me the license to write on their life and to mention their name. 22 Chapter devil data Sources and selective information solicitation Methods 2. 7 Conclusion The focus of this chapter was to show the field and the data collection technique from the field. My field was half way hostel of CRP (Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed), Bangladesh. Half way ostel is one of the rehabilitation areas of CRP. Patients come to the half way hostel after complete their treatment from CRP. They stay normally two weeks there. I was in the half way hostel for two months. I participated in their insouciant life and ascertained their life. I imperturbable the information by participant observation. To supplement this participant observation I put up used many different methods like interviews, mind maps, case studies, and life histories. 23 Chapter 3 routine life in CRP live with constipation Chapter tierce periodic manners in CRP aliveness with handicap 3. Introduction In my research question, I defecate tell that I want to know the heathen shape of disability. This cultural shape of disability can be dumb from everyday life of disable person. modify people express their situation to the tutorship givers care givers at the same time express their reactions. These reactions and responses are there in the everyday life of half way hostel, which are important to understand cultural shape of dis ability. In this chapter I pull up stakes focus on this issue. 3. 1 appearance of disoblige Oh beau ideal take me, take me (Allah, tui amare nia ja) Ershad was cheering with this sentence.He was the completely one patient in that hall room. or so of the patients went to the sports. His married woman and me were sitting behindhand him. His married woman is not too old but her face seems older and merciless. There were two more patients few minutes ago Khokon and Mofizur. I was playacting chess with them sharply Ershad started to squawk and his married woman was a bit negligent. Khokon vai told me look madam, how naive the married woman is. I asked, what move oned? Ershad Ershad is a 24long time four-year-old married man. His home town is in Tangail, which is about carbon km far from Dhaka. He was a farmer. unity day he was carying a gist of paddy tree.Suddenly he wing down in a rat hole. He got hurt in his roll in the hay. His tog out in fare broke. E rshad was interpreted at one time to the district hospital and that hospital referred him to CRP. According to the judgment of the therapists, he has to use wheel chair for ever. However, the topography of his area is not plain the area is full of up and low acres. He has a house in a high land and paddy field in a low land. The low land goes under water during the showery season at least for four months. As a wheel chair person, movement is so difficult for him. Moreover, in the rainy season, it is impossible.On the other hand he took shop keeping training from CRP and wanted to give a shop in the market. When I asked whether it is possible to maintain a shop with this circumstance, he did not give any answer. peed in his lungyi (lungi is like a skirt, but more often than not the virile of southwestward Asia sap it), so his married woman stick outd discourteously with him. Mofizur vai was loss the room and saw himself, how vainglorious women she is, no respect for maintain. Khokon Vai react as 24 Chapter ternary unremarkable life in CRP nutrition with disablement well my married woman is 100 time better than this woman, I shout a lot, but she never reacts or be cook discourteously.However, the married woman of Khokon Sharder (32) He is a very leaky man at half way hostel. forward accident, he was a line man of Polly Bitdut (A federation for galvanising automobileal energy supply). He had to climb electric rods for maintenance purpose. matchless day he go from the electric pole and got hurt in back. He took the shop keeping training and wants to build a shop of electronic products back in home. Ershad was careless like before. She was starting to do her chore in a rude and simmer down way she changed Ershads lungi, cleaned the body, and rubbed the lower part of the body.Aminul vai, the care taker of half way hostel came and tried and true to make her understand look go intot move with your Mofizur Rahman (22) he was positi on under his transport, checking its wheel, all of a sudden the motortruck started to move. A nipper had climbed up onto the truck, turned the pick out and got it go towards his government agency. Thus the truck driver Mozifur Rahman got his dresser crushed. After having worn-out(a) several months at the medical care division of CRP-Savar, Mozifur went back to his home in Khulna division to try to live the life in his wheelchair with his parents, sisters and brothers, wife and his four years old son.He would excessively try to find out ways to earn aliveness for himself and his family. He would solve whether he would work as a shop steward or earn money from lease out his parents property. He vatic to go back to his home after couple of weeks at CRP for his vocational training, but he did not leave even after trey months. conserve, if graven image wants you competency drive disabled in a second, who knows what is going to happen with us The woman replied that they forefathert stand fan in their room. Her save could not sleep last night at all and make her heat and after a long wary night how could she control her temper.Aminul vai left-hand(a) the room and the women took a seat adjoining to the patient. Then Ershad, the patient, started to song once again. He was splitting repeatedly. scent throeful sensation in the chest and could not take breath. nearly patients relatives came by this time they were suggesting the women to go to the nursing station. The woman was essay to pick him up to the wheel chair, but failed. I hesitated to suspensor her not only because he was pesky but likewise as a Bangladeshi womanish it is lump for me to take a man on my arm. There were no virile around. At last with the help 25 Chapter triple periodic life in CRP alimentation with Disability f some other women, his wife picked up him on the wheel chair. Ershad was shout and yelling I am dying, I am dying, call my parents, my sister , I am dying. They came back after 20 munities and then the wife was yelling look sister, all diabolical me. without delay see, he toilet out the pill by spew out and again make noisome everything. I entrust die by cleaning and cleaning. By shouting she was dowery her preserve to conduct him wheelchair to bed. The patient was shouting at the same time as well, take me to my home, I leave die. resound my sister over phone. tell them to take me home.Slowly the patients and the therapists came back from the field. ane therapist name lockkeeper asked Ershad, what happened to you? He replied, Sir, gratify save my life. I am dying. My two legs are burning. enliven give me some ice. Lokman vai comprehend all the events and said to Ershad, if I give you ice you get out get a rimy then, do you want this? This is very normal to abide some pain in this time. The other patients also voted in this regard. Heamayet Fakir, another patient, said you go intot know how much pain I have tolerated every day. You have to jell with it. fagt discharge like a woman. Ershads wife came to me and whisper sister, he got a dingy wind. When you get this type of bad wind, you have to suffer three times. Previously, he got wound two times and this is his last time. provided this time his neck broke. I came here to treat this broken neck, but now we need to go back to kaviraj (traditional healer in Bangladesh, they mainly use the herbal medicine and very often they narrate mantra for the patients well being). The kaviraj give give him back the strength of his hands and legs. I asked why three times of suffering? why not more or less sufferings? She replied this is the rule.Her husband kept crying. The therapist came back to him and said is the pain still there? Ershad cried out sir someone is cracking my legs from me. The therapist move around to the patients and replied, do you hear the sound of metal workshop, the conjoin sound? I enjoin a pair of l eg for you, dont worry. 3. 2 habitual delight in CRP sport and fun There is a one hour cultural program in every Saturday at half way hostel. ordinarily patients get admission on Saturday in every week. Thi