Nandos

Nandos ________________________________________________________ Nando’s, is a well-known fast food restaurant which was found in 1987 in South Africa. Nando’s is specializing in chicken, especially its unique Mozambican-Portuguese style of Peri-Peri Flamed Grilled Chicken. Nando’s opened its first international strore 12 years ago and the Nando’s Peri-Peri trail has blazed from South Africa across the seas to other 22 countries, comprising 400 stores worldwide. The signature menu item at Nando’s is a Portuguese specialty, Peri-Peri chicken which has a truly unique taste. Delicious alternatives and additions to Peri-Peri chicken include chicken breast burgers and pitas, prego steak rolls, vegetarian and bean burgers, chicken livers etc. Businesses today face three major challenges and opportunities which of course, as an international company, Nando’s is also facing the same challenges which bring opportunity to the business: Globalization, Technological Advancement and Outsourcing. Further details will be discussed in the following. Globalization, Technological Advancement and Outsoucing _______________________________________________________ Globalization is the growing integration of economies and societies around the world and legal system. That make people around the globe are more connected to each other than ever before. At a business level, we talk globalization when companies decide to take part in the emerging global economy and establish themselves in foreign market. Globalization means a company will adapt their products or services to the final user’s linguistic and cultural requirement. Then, take the advantage of the internet revolution and establish a virtual presence on the international marketplace with a multilingual corporate website or even as an e-business. Nando’s first created in South Africa and had a fast development overseas. Nando’s has decided to go to an international market. Different stages in term of globalization are possible. Nando’s has acquired overseas outlets and branches. Nando comprises 400 stores worldwide with 176 stores in South Africa and the rest in international markets. It plan to have rolled out excess of 600 quick service restaurants to world wide within 3 years serving peri-peri marinated, flame grill chicken and associated food items under the Nando’s brand name. In our opinion, globalization of Nando’s brings the greatest opportunities for higher economic growth and better living standards that more openness bring, policymakers to international, national and local. Chief executive Robbie Brozin had anticipated the fast food chain to introduce Nando’s unique flamed-grilled chicken to world wide. Nowadays, Nando’s already establish many restaurants in Asian like Singapore and`Malaysia. To define the models of strategy used, the four P components of the Marketing Mix will help us understand nando’s view. Nando’s needs have a big promotion for their products to create a successful global brand. The first promotion of their product is advertised their grill-chicken by using the poster method. They provide four-different color chicken and create a slogan for their brand â€Å"We’re all the same on the inside, Pauline†. Then it used a radio advertisement featuring a soon-to-be-grilled chicken parodying a recording made by Hanson. A vital part of low cost marketing strategy is to be flexible and topical and grab channel as soon as they arise to influence out of the publicity. Nowadays, Nando’s also create a website to introduce their tradition proteges food to world wide. Consumers can also download Nando’s peri-peri chicken recipes if they are interest to it. In Malaysia, the most attractive promotion is the Nando’s have classified their peri-peri chicken to four flavors, that is lemon-herb, mild peri-peri, hot peri-peri, extra hot peri-peri. These promotion is aim to attract the people who interest to challenge for the level of spicy of Nando’s peri-peri chicken with their spicy chilly sauce. Beside the well-known of the brand, its products are well-positioned for international growth because of the healthier image of grill chicken. The famous food of the Nando’s is their peri-peri chicken. The chicken are butterfly-cut and marinated for 24 hours before they are flame-grilled to succulent perfection and are basted with your choice of peri-peri flavour when order are taken. Nando’s are not change the recipe to prepare the peri-peri chiken while the peri-peri chicken is introduce to different countries because they want the consumer to enjoy a traditional Afro-Portugnese styled eating experi-perience and knowing the culture of their food at Nando’s. They are also ensuring that the ingredients to prepare the chicken are positive effect on life. For an example, the well known Nando’s peri-peri chicken has a high content of vitamin C and their peri-peri chicken release endorphins. By the way, they are only using A-grade chickens, which are trimmed of any excess fat before cooking. Thereafter, the chicken is flame-grilled on custom designed grills, which burn away most of the remaining fat. This means that Nando’s chickens are low in fat and cholesterol. The results of recent nutritional research have confirmed that Nando’s has a lot to crow about when it comes to health. However, comparing to its competitors, Nando’s has the advantages to provide a better quality and speed. As explained by Hume, they want to be the best, not the biggest. They found a niche market where they can develop their product. Nando’s not only recognize their food to the global, they are also promise that the Nando’s experience is universal. They ensure that consumers will find the same warm friendly service delicious chicken and a relaxed informal atmosphere when they walk in anyone of Nando’s restaurant. Beside that, Nando’s also want kids to share in the Nando’s experience, so they have special non-spicy flavour especially for children. They are intended that everyone can enjoy wonderful food and service in the restaurant In order to achieve globalization and challenge with the international competitors, Nando’s have to set their own price for each product. So, Nando’s have five options to review pricing strategy. First, adopt a ‘bugger them’ attitude and keep your prices as they are. Second, slash your prices to undercut the undercutters. This two option could find yourself in the bankruptcy court. Third, adjust your prices downward to meet those of the competition. Forth, increase your prices and target a niche market. Select options three and four and need the financial clout to outlast the competition. The best bet is option five that is cut costs to lower your prices and add value to customer service. It involves using resources (human and material) more efficiently. It may involve restructuring organization from top to bottom. It will certainly involve developing a customer service culture. Nando’s will choose their restaurants located in the high population location. This restaurant is under franchise whereby, this restaurant can find it in certain place. Normally, we can easily find it in Midvalley, KLCC, 1-Utama. As a consumer, the cheap and better food is a first choice to them. It can not be denied that this restaurant is very convenient to consumer because after shopping, and then can enjoy this famous restaurant. The alternatively is this restaurant is very suitable for those people who are run out this means for the working people, this kind of people only 1 hour to enjoy their lunch, therefore, this restaurant is the better choice for them, because, the restaurant has this concept ‘ fast, cheap, near, convenient, best services, fair’. This concept really attack attention for this kind of people. If we discuss the convenient place which the restaurant is located? The question wants to ask that, what the ordinary people are regards as the convenient place. It can not be denied that everyone can but car, bus, taxi, LRT, to the nearest shop which the restaurant. The especially go through by LRT it is most convenient for people whatever go to certain destination. Therefore, due to this convenient of the traffic, the indirectly can promote he restaurant to people about the special food, special services and so on. The indirectly the special rest6aurant will also one of the food in this restaurant because of the convenient which to improve the business of the restaurant. Therefore, the convenient place is very important point. As we know that the changes foreseen over the next decade or two will be more comprehensive and have a higher degree of impart on every aspect of our lives than has ever been witnessed. Technology is advancing exponentially and the rate of advancement is accelerating; it is impossible to throttle back innovation and technological advancement. We need to approach policy decisions with a new predictive model that is built upon fact-based assessments. However, technology also provides the capabilities for countries to defend themselves- thus creating some degree of security. When we look at the rate of technological advancement or progress, we can see as time passes the technologically advanced and technologically disadvantaged to increase. Thus, a very good example is Nando’s UK. Nando’s UK is different to the other Nando’s chains world-wide in that its 70 odd stores are not franchises but directly owned and managed. Nando’s UK started with a range of line-of-business applications and separate Web-enabled solutions, all requiring professional developers to update. Basic changes required HTML and other development skills. This process made timely posting of content more difficult than it should have been, and the Intranet was not being used as effectively as it should have been as an internal marketing, communication and management platform. The solution had to have a single point of call, be easy to update, expandable, secure, utilizing the current structure with the ability to evolve, and be scalable. Nando’s IT department had built an earlier Intranet solution in-house. This experience had taught them the importance of security and authentication of users together with flexible user management within an expandable navigational structure. They also thoroughly understood all of the technical issues and problems and realized that the solution to these issues had to be esigned into the system at a fundamental level. When they went to market for a solution they knew how difficult and expensive it would be to develop an in-house solution and that there was no point in reinventing the wheel if there was a flexible system already in existence that could meet their requirements or could easily be adapted. High on their priority list was a solution that had already solved the problems of security, authentication, and int erfacing with third party applications allowing consistent branding. In addition they wanted a system that did away with the need for HTML staff to update content and allowed them to target these skills on enhancements. Non-technical users needed an easy-to-use application that would allow them to create and publish, directly to the site in a matter of minutes. In addition, the solution needed to be flexible and extendible so it could dynamically evolve to reflect changes within the company. Nando’s UK identified other requirements as the project evolved which ActiveWeb was flexible enough to address to produce a value for money solution to meet their needs. Furthermore, ActiveWeb responded to this brief enthusiastically and with a commitment which impressed Nando’s staff. For example, the project management had the technology expertise to instinctively understand what Nando’s wanted to achieve and how it could be achieved using ActiveWeb CMS. They had already solved the problem of ease of use security branding and expandability. Besides that, the ActiveWeb CMS solution empowered Nando’s content contributors to take control of their own content and take a far more proactive role in terms of prompting their individual areas. Moreover, the ActiveWeb cms is a NET development which ensures Nando’s has invested in a future [proof technology solution which can be integrated with back office systems, when required, with the Intranet and Extranet. Outsourcing is purchasing a significant percentage of intermediate components from outside suppliers. Furthermore, this also refers to a company buying services from another firm. For example, if company X is outsourcing its e-commerce services, it means that it is relying on another company to do this job rather than doing it internally with its own employees and resources. Many companies, like IBM, outsource much of their production to Taiwanese firms. In addition, outsourcing is the transference to third-parties, the performance of functions once administered in-house. Outsourcing is really two types of service: ITO – IT Outsourcing, involves a third party who is contracted to manage a particular application, including all related servers, networks, and software upgrades. BPO – Business Process Outsourcing features a third party who manages the entire business process, such as accounting, procurement, or human resources. In this case, Nando’s has taken Portuguese food to the world. For decades during the twentieth century, tens of thousands of people emigrated from Portugal, some to search for better lives, others to escape desperate poverty. And with them went much of Portugal’s entrepreneurial spirit. Initially, the migrants were fleeing a military dictatorship which governed the country for almost half the century: Under the rule of Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, wealth was greatly concentrated in the hands of a small upper class, leaving the rest of the population without the spare cash or opportunity to ever consider large scale business propositions. After the military leaders were toppled in 1974, ending 48 years of dictatorship-ideas about profits and free enterprise were further curbed for years by the country’s left-wing rules. But now the entrepreneurs are back, as symbolized by the rapid rise of the popular Nando’s chain of spicy chicken restaurants-â€Å"official taste of Portugal 2004†. ________________________________________________________ From the opportunities offer, Nando’s has now operated in the fiercely competitive international markets for years. It has stood the test of time and today it is an international high-street brand trading successfully in many different international countries with equally diverse cultures and customer needs. The Nando’s culture and chosen empowerment style has proven to be particularly suitable in adapting to this global expansion path.

Hunter Worth Essay

Communication is the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people. A manager must not only possess good communication skills, he must also be able to communicate effectively. When communicating internationally, managers should be aware of critical factors that may affect communication. For example, language barriers, cultural differences, and the channel used to communicate to name a few. Based on Vicente Ruiz’s actions and his conversation with Chuck Moore, the differences in cultural attitudes towards communication in the United States as compared to Mexico that can be detected can be explained according to Geertz Horfstede’s value dimension. Americans tend to be individualistic in that individuals are expected to look after themselves. Mexicans on the other hand lean more towards collectivism, as they prefer a more tightly knit social framework, where members of an organization protect each other’s interest. Where Americans have a low power distance, in contrast Mexicans have a high power distance. Power distance refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in power among institutions, organizations and people. Both sides seem to be very assertive; however, it is obvious that there are differences in cultural attitudes toward communication between these two countries. Americans tend to do business directly, whilst Mexicans prefer to build relationships before going into business, and they also don’t seem to value punctuality as time is a flexible commodity. Understanding these differences is therefore very important in doing business, as cultural attitudes play an important part when doing business internationally. Also if consideration is not given to channel richness, the wrong message could be sent. The channel used in this case caused Chuck Moore’s communication to be treated routinely. Communication, although it appears to be a simple process, must be done properly and effectively to ensure success in business in not only the domestic environment, but also when communicating globally. What was the main purpose of Chuck’s communication to Vicente? To Michael Sato? What factors should he have considered when choosing a channel for his communication to Vicente? Are they the same factors he should have considered when communicating with Michael Sato? Chuck Moore is the national sales manager for Hunter-Worth. He was concerned that a shipment of a new interactive cuddly plush toy would not arrive on time for the Christmas season sales. He therefore communicated with Vicente Ruiz, the plant manager of the Mexican subsidiary that manufactured the toy. The main purpose of Chuck’s communication to Vicente was to inquire about the status of the latest order, which was late. He asked for a production schedule for pending orders, and also requested a specific explanation as to why the Mexican plant seemed to be having problems with shipping orders on time. Michael Sato is the executive vice president for sales and marketing, and he is also Chuck Moore’s supervisor. The man purpose of Chuck’s communication to Michael Sato was to appraise him of the problem he was having with Vicente Ruiz and also his concerns as to the availability of the toy that could be the season’s best seller. Chuck used upward communication, which are messages transmitted from the lower to the higher levels in the organizations hierarchy, and this falls in the type, problems and exceptions, where a manager would inform his supervisor of any serious problems, and to make senior managers aware of difficulties. His communication to Michael was also to inform him of what he had done so far, and also to get advice on what else could be done. Chuck had a choice of many different channels he could have used to communicate with Vicente. He chose to send an email. When choosing a channel for his communication to Vicente, Chuck needed to think about the urgency of the information he required or the nature of the message he was sending and use the best possible channel of communication. This is where channel richness comes in. Channel richness is the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode. The channel that Chuck chose to communicate with was low in channel richness. In the hierarchy of channel richness of which face-to-face communication is the highest and reports or bulletins are the lowest, there are advantages and disadvantages. High channel richness has the advantage of being fast, two-way with fast feed- back. There was a breakdown in communication due to the Chuck’s choice of channel of communication, as his message was distorted by noise in the form of interference by Vicente’s secretary, who treated it as a routine message and handled it accordingly. These are the same factors Chuck should have considered when communicating with Michael Sato, as he was sought a quick resolution to the situation. He again used a channel low in channel richness and his message was dealt with. Since Michael Sato was also his friend, he could have taken the opportunity to meet with him and discuss ideas on how to resolve the problem. Instead Michael Sato dealt with the situation as it was communicated to him. Face- to-face communication in this instance would have been a better channel, thus avoiding misunderstandings. If you were Chuck, what would you have done differently? What steps would you take at this point to make sure the supply of the popular new toy is sufficient to meet the anticipated demand? With an understanding of the cultural differences of his Mexican counterpart, if I were Chuck first of all I would have developed a personal communication network with Vicente Ruiz. This is the cultivation of personal relationships that cross departmental, hierarchical and even organizational boundaries. Since Mexicans like to build relationships before doing business, it would have been profitable to build a personal communication network with the Mexican subsidiary. At this point Chuck may treat this situation as he would a crisis, and taking into consideration the short period of time to fix the situation, he needs to begin with effective communication, since prompt and thoughtful communication with Vicente can turn the situation to his advantage. He should not lose focus at this time, and he should also pay a visit to the Mexican subsidiary to do damage control. With mutual understanding of Vicente’s supply problems and Chuck Moore’s urgent need for an ample supply of the popular new toy, both managers should meet, and listen to each other’s problems and come to a solution that would benefit both sides, thus building a relationship for future references.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Effective Budget Control

Advantages and Disadvantages of Effective Budget Control This paper will look at what is required of an effective budgetary control mechanism and try to assess the advantages and disadvantages of using a system imposed from above, or externally, over a decentralized system controlled by lower level management as task level. Using an empirical case study from the international banking sector, it will be shown that too much managerial autonomy can lead to disaster not just for the manager concerned but also for the whole organization. In contrast the role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in imposing nation-state loan budgets will be critiqued to highlight the potential flaws of centralizing and dominating budget control management. Effective budgetary control Henderson (2003) notes that regardless of the situation or workplace, in order to be effective it is crucial that budgetary control systems: Account for money received and spent Make sure that the organization’s financial policies are adhered to Ensure that m oney is not wasted Assist managers to run, and develop, services or departments These controls have developed from the need to account for large sums of money but are equally applicable to any budgetary situation. However, from a managerial perspective they have often been criticised for being insensitive and restrictive at the lower levels of management. As the number of stakeholders increases so does the need to be fully accountable and therefore more controls are also needed. This is particularly noticeable in the public sector National Health Service. Here lower level management are extremely subservient to imposed and tight budgeting restrictions from a distantly senior level. This is arguably a result of the need to satisfy a multitude of stakeholder interests and a concern that empowering lower management with the autonomy to control their own budgets would fail to include the number of interested parties from politicians to doctors and patients. With organisations as comple x as the NHS whether public or private sector – It is safer and easier to plan and control from above using imposed budget control methods. Politically imposed budgeting is preferably because senior managers, directors, or institutions who set the budgets are arguably best placed to recognise the wider implications of budgeting decisions but, according to Marginson (1999), financially imposed budget controls make sense too. Financial losses, which can occur for such damaging reasons as incompetence, error, negligence or fraud, are most likely to be minimised, or avoided altogether, by well constructed control systems. Imposed budgets benefit from the experience, acquired knowledge and full backing of senior management. They arguably encourage a sense of confidence in lower level management to do their job whilst reducing the massive levels of stress that come with having to create and manage your own budget. Another advantage of imposed budgeting is that it encourages regular monitoring, reporting, progress reports and ultimately improvements in the budgetary system. This enables problems to be uncovered and dealt with quickly and efficiently. Henderson (2003) states that it is advantageous to review arrangements occasionally. Even if procedures within your work area operate well, you should ensure that the budgetary responsibilities of staff at all levels are clear and understood by everyone. It would be unfortunate if problems arise because people do not know the extent or limit of their responsibilities (p33).

Classic Music and its Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Classic Music and its Form - Essay Example There are three important composer in the classical period: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. They are responsible for many of the changes of the structure of musical forms of movements . The names of the pieces often illustrated what was going on in history or the name of the person for whom the piece was commissioned. Chamber music was reinvented. The symphony was reinvented. The Sonata Form is the foundation for the symphony's first movement, the sonata, the string quartets and the concerto. (ThinkQuest) The Sonata is for one solo instrument and the piano or harpsichord. The form changed a little bit from the baroque period. It is called the "Sonata Principe". (ThinkQuest) It has three movements: introduction of one theme, then the second theme is introduced. In the second movement, the two themes are developed and played together. The final movement plays the two themes giving the listener a sense that the chapter is being finished. The most important instrument can be the violin, flu te or oboe for example. String Quartet was invented by Haydn. It has two violins, one viola and one cello. There are four movements. Other chamber music was performed as the concerto with a string orchestra or the Concerto Grosso with a symphony orchestra. Haydn worked on all forms. He composed over 1000 pieces of music (Burrows 138 ) Orchestra Music became bigger in the classical period. It was not just chamber music. ... The forms of the movements took form in early classical music. In Beethoven's 9th Symphony it was not used. The first movement is the "sonata allegro". This form was contributed to Haydn. It was used in the early classical period as it was more open and less complicated than the sonata form in the Baroque period. It is usually in the ABA form but can be in different variations. The second movement is in theme and variation. By the height of the Baroque period, the theme was played and then the variation was a mathematical effort to give every possible variation to sound. In this period the variation was more musical and the flowing of the music was more important than the chords. A Minuet and Trio is the third movement in ABA form. (Grout 486) The time is in 3/4 taking after a dance. The middle section is played more quietly often with solo instruments. The Rondo finishes the symphony with a bright quick piece of music with the theme and quickly in ABA form. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732- 1809) was self taught. He helped establish the symphony form that we know today. He has 108 symphonies that are attributed to him (Burrows 137). Each one improves on the simplistic baroque form. The string quartet where there are four equal players is his true gift. (Grout 491) Mozart and Beethoven go on to write many more string quartets. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), a child prodigy who died a pauper. He was a prolific composer of all genres of music. (Burrows 149) Because he had played in all the courts of Europe, he used the styles of music in his own compositions. He was one of the first composers to try to work for himself without having to rely on a patron. Perhaps this is why he died a pauper. Ludwig Beethoven (1770-1827) was not as prolific a composer but his compositions

Introduction about Al Hilla in Iraq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction about Al Hilla in Iraq - Assignment Example During Muslim rule, it was a major centre of education and Islamic scholarship. Among its renowned scholars were the historian and astrologer Muhammad ibn Tawus al-Alawi al-Hasam (Singh, 2004: 425), and the Shia legalist recognised as the Imam of his time, Ahmad ibn al Mutawwaj (Cole, 2002: 34). The city is now predominantly occupied by Shias. All Hilla was also visited by the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta in the 14th century on his way to Baghdad (Dunn, 1986: 97). At the time of the Usmanian (Ottoman) Empire, Al Hilla was a major administrative centre and it remained so during the period of the British Empire. In 1920, heavy fighting took place in the city during an uprising against the British, and in 2003, the city again witnessed heavy fighting against the US Army during the rule of Saddam Hussein. Over the past decade, Al Hilla has been the scene of several bomb attacks due to the American occupation of Iraq, but the situation is relatively peaceful once

Communicating with Depressed Elderly Patients Essay

Communicating with Depressed Elderly Patients - Essay Example Because of these painful losses for the elderly, suicide rates among the aged were continuously increasing, but symptoms of depression are seldom recognized and treated in this vulnerable population. It could be then that out of ten older people only one receives treatment for their depression and the rest are ignored (Ainsworth, 2000, 37). According to the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) in the latter part of the 1980s, depressive indications take place in more or less 15 per cent of people over sixty five years of age. At the minimum, 3 per cent of older people endure severe depression, particularly those who live in nursing homes, where the incidences of depression are higher than the average 15 per cent (ibid, 37). Sadly, depressed elderly people spending the remaining days of their lives in nursing homes may appear to be whiners and be given no treatment for their miserable condition. Their depression are concealed since the actual nature of the sickness is masked behind a shroud of physical grumbles, or else the elderly person keeps away from interpreting the symptoms for anxiety of being called insane. Elderly patients generally endure mild memory lapses and dawdling mental activities, both circumstances resulting from physical causes. As soon as depression develops beyond this mild brain dysfunction, the outcome frequently appears to be an advanced case of dementia or â€Å"old-timer’s disease† (Cohen, 1990, 26), for which the mournful family believes there is no possibility to be treated. However, with proper diagnosis and therapeutic procedures for the treatment of serious depression, elderly patients often get rid of the symptoms of this pseudo-dementia and experience prog ress in both brain processes and quality of existence (ibid). For diverse causes, different cultures have begun to witness a remarkable boost in the need for family members to become concerned in

Analytical essay on Mesopotamian art and architecture

Analytical on Mesopotamian art and architecture - Essay Example Additionally, Assyrian art design was different from the structure of Babylonian art, which eventually became the main modern designs in Mesopotamia, resurfaced during the 1500 BC and prevailed until the end of Nineveh reign in 612 BC. Generally, the main aspect of Assyrian art design was the chopped stone relief of polychrome structure that was used to festoon imperial arts. The clearly delineated reliefs symbolized royal affairs, mainly hunting and organizing for successful battles. The art predominantly captures animal designs, especially a horse and lion; these were elegantly portrayed in the art in a comprehensive manner (Begemann et al 135-169). Additionally, though, important personalities are fairly rigid they are also benignly represented, as in victorious scenes of operations, wars, and individual military contribution. Assyrian reliefs that apparently popular include the lion-hunt sculptures depicting Assurbanipal of 7th century BC and Assurbanipal II of the 9th century BC (Ulrichsen 349-377). Both carvings are archived by the British. Guardian nature composed of lions and other flying wildlife with hairy human face. The models were presented in incomplete curves for strong regal entrances. It is notable, though, that Nimrud-carved elephant tusks and bronze plates were located by archaeologists. The items are colored in the Assyrian form, and were the brainchild of and Aramaic and Phoenician artisans (Landes, Mokyr, and Baumol 164-168). Mesopotamia’s structural designs are the earliest designs of the society of the Mesopotamia region, which is popular for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The designs include several unique cultures and lasting between the 10th millennium BC and the 6th century BC when the oldest structures were erected. Notably, the Mesopotamian architectural achievements encompass the growth of towns through proper structuring techniques, the

The British and Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The British and Global Economy - Essay Example Britain and International Financial Institutions Britain, Japan, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Russia, France and the United States hold permanent positions on the executive board of the IMF. The remaining sixteen directors are elected from other groups of countries. Even with equal representation on IMF board, Britain exercises global economic influence via its membership with the IMF, the World Bank, Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, the G20, the G8, the G7, the OECD, and the European Union. The IMF and the World Bank, collectively referred to as International Financial Institutions (IFIs), play a major role in globalization. The IFIs are designed to help control the global financial system and have enhanced economic integration of all countries in the world. These institutions provide financial and advisory assistance to countries in need of the support in their policymaking and economic development. Nonetheless, the IFIs have been attacked by critics over four interrelated aspects of the implementation of the IFIs’ strategy. ... financial crisis hit the old industries until the United Kingdom suspended the gold standard permanently and facilitated the conditions necessary for economic recovery. The global pre-war balance of power collapsed and the world war ensued. Britain and France were forced into action in 1941. The costs of Britain’s military action weakened further and lost its position to the United States as the global economic superpower. Nevertheless, Britain still plays a crucial role in the world economy. After the World War II, the British economy flourished for about twenty eight years (1945-1973) without a major recession. The economy also enjoyed a tremendous growth in prosperity especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This encompassed low rates of unemployment; less than 500, 000 unemployed until the late 1960s. According to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), the British economic growth rate averaged 2.9 per cent during 1960-1973. The other Europe an nations: Italy, France, and West Germany, had a far much higher growth rate. Nevertheless, the British economy was hit again by the 1973 financial recession and the stock market crash. Britain experienced escalating unemployment rates. Moreover, the economy was blighted by over 20 per cent inflation after 1973. The British economic crisis persisted even after the global economy recession had ended. The inflation rate never went lower than 10 per cent. Being a permanent member of the IMF, Britain was forced to acquire a loan of 2.3 billion. The IMF achieves its goals through three main activities which are surveillance, financial and technical assistance. Financial assistance is the central activity undertaken by the IMF. Member states experiencing balance of payments problems can obtain

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial Accounting - Essay Example Sales projections would be done in according to the consumers and population and whether it is liked by them or not. It will also look at competition and if mushroom brands have entered the market or not. A marketing manager will create surveys and shoot sales by promotion and sampling. This way, sales projections are likely to increase but may not necessarily increase actual sales due to some discrepancies in research. Underestimating sales projections may result in a mismatch for the profit goal. (Williams et al., 2005). A lot of the components of budgeting including sales projection accumulate to make up the master budget. When the master budget is understated, it might not meet the profit margin for the year. Therefore, other plans can halt as a result. If accurate figures are given and profits are likely to occur, expansion projects or other promotions could be thought of and money can be utilized. Any other resource such as labour needed to help in creating sales should be pre planned and a correct sales forecast would reduce any chances of shortages and mishaps. If sales are understated, operating, manufacturing, and other following costs will also be understated accordingly. Moreover, the goal should be to reduce all inefficiencies and add value throughout the value chain model.

Cultural Differences In The Corporate World Essay

Cultural Differences In The Corporate World - Essay Example When in meetings, Westerners should not show annoyance or disproval if meetings do not proceed according to their patterns as according to the Saudi Arabians will determine their opinion of the person (â€Å"Saudi Arabian Meetings†). Part of the recommendations is to train people in different cultures, customs, traditions, history, language, idiomatic terms, non-verbal communication, and in this case include the religious component. When visiting a Saudi Arabian if there is a gift involved   caution should prevail and avoid giving: Alcohol, pork, knives, pigskin, perfumes with alcohol, and images with nude women. It is embedded in the culture that flattery plays an important role in business. Compliments will also be given do not be distant, aloof or embarrassed. Familiar questions may arise (marital status, children, religious convictions). It is also recommended not to say that a person (you) is an atheist. This is certainly not an easy task, given that the business world is always trying to maintain its head over water (especially during this day and age of an economic crisis. It has been evidenced that failures have occurred in business transactions. The "one size fits all" does no longer apply. Live and learn, and be productive in the process and culmination of business transactions. In the business world, the bottom line will always prevail. It should be the duty of those performing research in the marketing and the public arena to be well informed before launching a product and or service.

How to establish the communication Essay Example for Free

How to establish the communication Essay Everyone has different needs and styles in which they communicate. There are also many different ways in which we may establish these communication needs, wishes and preferences. A good way to begin to understand a patient’s needs, wishes and preferences is to read their notes and history’s to see if this contains any relevant information. For example, if I read that a patient has hearing problems, I would then know to make sure that I speak to the patient clearly and slowly and look at them so they can read my lips. Other ways to establish communication needs, wishes and preferences is by interacting with the patient and through conversation I learn how to best communicate with the patient. It is also important to remember to be clear and concise in all forms of communication, especially when working with people with learning disabilities, where they might get confused if I speak too quickly or use too complex language. It may benefit, if this is the case, to use your body language to help explain what you are trying to say and to emphasise the tone of the conversation. Also, pictures can be used to help the patient and myself understand. For example, one of my patients uses cards that display what emotions they are feeling, they will use these to communicate how they are feeling. In the past, I have worked with a patient who is deaf. For me to establish what her needs were, I first spoke to the nurse in charge and they informed me she was deaf, however, could sign or write things down. As I could not sign, our preferred form of communication was writing, which after spending time together worked quite well.

The Basic Beliefs Of Buddhism Philosophy Essay

The Basic Beliefs Of Buddhism Philosophy Essay Buddhism, like most of the major religions in the world, divided into different traditions. However, most of the traditional shares of common basic beliefs. (Robinson) I. Basic Points of Buddhism About 35 years of age, Siddhartha Gautama sat under the shade of Bho tree to meditate, and he decided to meditate until he reached the enlightenment. Seven weeks after that, he received the Great Enlightenment which are The Four Noble Truths and the Eight fold path. From that time, he was known as Buddha. The Middle Way is a philosophical idea and psychological causes and healing of suffering and evil. People should understand the four noble truths and follow the Eightfold Path, making them able to reach the complete state of Nirvana. (Theory of Buddhism ) The Buddha told their followers not to have many earthly possessions. By this way, they will not feel pain or unhappy. Buddha taught people to be good, sincere and kind. They should not kill or harm living things. He wished that the people have good thoughts and help each others. According to the teachings of the Buddha, each person experiences life many times. We call this reincarnation . If a human do something bad in one life time, he or she might be an little insect or an animal in his or her next life. Buddha also taught that if the people are good during a life, they will not have to return to Earth anymore. Then they would reach a state of Nirvana, a state where there is no death or birth. (Theory of Buddhism ) The basic belief of Buddhism is often called the reincarnation the idea that people are reborn after death. (Robinson) In fact, many people go through the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth again and again. There are some practical difference between the Buddhist concepts of reincarnation and rebirth. The Reincarnation, a person can be repeated several times. But rebirth, the man is not necessarily a return to the earth as the same thing ever again. He compared it with the leaves that grow on the tree. When the leaf falls off the tree, a new leaf will later replace it. It looks similar the old leaf, but not look exactly the same. (Robinson) After several cycles, if a person can abandon their devotion to desire and the self, they can reach Nirvana. It is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. (Robinson) Buddhists believe that Buddha is their only Master and there is no god. They take refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. They Following the example of the Buddha and consider that the goal of life is to develop sympathy for all living creators without any perception and to work for their happiness, their good and peace and to enlarge wisdom leading to the understanding of Ultimate Truth. They also accept the Four Noble Truths and accept that there is no self(anaatma). They also accept that in different countries there are differences in the life of Buddhist monks, Buddhist practices and beliefs, rituals and ceremonies, habits and customs. These superficial forms and expressions should not be confounded with the basic teachings of the Buddha. (The Basic Points of Buddhism) Buddha accepted the law of karma and reincarnation. He said that Nirvana is not just a state of extinction but the highest destiny of the human spirit. Buddha did not believe that their is deity and he believes that all men had no soul. He denies the existence of every kind of substance. Ones life after achieving Nirvana is unfathomable and reborn does not belong to him anymore. (Theory of Buddhism ) II. The Four Noble Truths In his first preachment after attaining enlightenment, Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths, which form the fundamental belief for all branches of Buddhism (The Purpose of Life According to Buddhism) The Four Noble Truths, forming the basic of Buddhism, are: The Noble Truth of Suffering (Dukkha) The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Samudaya) The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (Nirodha) The Noble Truth that leads to the an end of Suffering (Magga) The First Noble Truth shows that the Suffering is real and it causes from sickness, failure, pain, and impermanence of pleasure. (Theory of Buddhism ) The Second Noble Truth shows us the cause of suffering. Suffering are caused by indulging in inherently endless desires. All forms of selfishness that separate us from others, life, and reality, such as, jealousness and anger. (Theory of Buddhism ) The Third Noble Truth states an end of suffering . suffering will stop when we are able to overcome these cravings and desires. We must try to not stick to the objects of the world. (Robinson) The Fourth Noble Truth tells us how to end suffering. We must follow the Noble Eight-fold Path. (Robinson) III. The Eight-fold Path In Buddhism, it is believed that a person can escape from the cycle of birth and death by following the noble eightfold path, by following these eight steps. (Buddhist Belief) 1) Right Understanding of the Four Noble Truths 2) Right thinking, following the right path in life 3) Right speech: no criticism, lying, gossip, harsh language, condemning 4) Right conduct by following the Buddhists Five Precepts 5) Right livelihood; assist yourself without harming others 6) Right Effort: promote good thoughts and overcome bad thoughts 7) Right Mindfulness: Become conscious of your body, mind and feelings 8) Right Concentration: Meditate to attain a higher state of knowledge. (Robinson) The Buddha analyses the problems of life as Four Noble Truths. And the Eight-fold Path is the way of treatment. Anyone who have followed the eight-fold path and reaches the point of attending Nirvana are called arhat, or saint. (Theory of Buddhism ) IV. Buddhist Deities Theravada sect of Buddhism does believe that there is no god. But the Mahayana sect, celestial Buddhas and bodhisattvas are at the universe as Gods. The most popular Buddhist supernatural include the Kuan Yin, the Medicine Buddha, the Green, Laughing Buddha and White Taras, etc. (Buddhist Deities) V. Human Nature In Buddhism, there is no soul or spirit. But a human being is believed to be made up of five elements, feelings, namely physical form, mental developments, ideations and awareness. These elements combine to form a human being at the time of birth. However, because Buddhism believes in reincarnation and karma, people find a little contradiction here. (Buddhist Belief) VI. The Purpose of Living The main goal of life of all Buddhists, is the end of suffering by knowing the four noble truths of life and following the noble eightfold path. The Buddha taught that humans suffer because we always seek for things that do not give lasting happiness. We attach to persons, health, material things , that do not last and this causes sadness. (Buddhist Beliefs) The Buddha did not say that there are nothings in life that give joy, but say that none of them last long and if we stick to them, it only causes more suffering. His teachings were focused basically on this problem and its solution. (Buddhist Belief) VII. Buddhist Beliefs about the Afterlife According to Buddha s teaching, after death one is either reborn into another body or attains nirvana. (Buddhist Beliefs about the Afterlife) A. Reincarnation (Transmigration) Based on his teaching that there is no soul, the Buddha described reincarnation, in a different way than the others understanding. He compared our life to the flame candle. Although each flame is some how connected to the one that came before it, but it is still not the same one. And in Buddhism, reincarnation is usually referred to as transmigration. B. Nirvana Nirvana is the state of freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth again and again. It is also the end of any suffering. VIII. Theravada Buddhisms Teachings Hinayana (Little Vehicle) or Theravada Buddhism centered in Southeast Asia is traditional, and they try to follow the original teachings of Buddha. They see human as completely dependent on individual effort. They teach wisdom as the key virtue and consider religion as a duty, mostly for monks. They also consider Buddha as a saint, avoid ritual, and limit prayer to meditation. Their ideal is arhat or sainthood. (Theory of Buddhism ) IX. Mahayana Buddhisms Teachings Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Buddhism has spread all over the world and has the principle that Buddha taught many things in secret to the follower who could properly interpret them. It sees human as associated with others. It considers sympathy as their key virtue and believes that its religion is suitable to life in the world. Hence, it is a religion for everyone not only for monks. The Mahayana Buddhists sees Buddha as a savior. Their ideal is the Bodhisattva or a person who has achieved enlightenment but postpones Nirvana attainment to stay in heaven and answer prayers and help humans who are in need. Mahayana Buddhism regards Buddha as a incarnate, divine savior, sinless person. For them, Buddha is all knowing and everlasting. For them, Buddha is a member of the Buddhist Trinity. (Theory of Buddhism ) According to Mahayana believe, those who is regular person could also attain enlightenment and end the cycle of rebirth Mahayana also provided us the faster routes to enlightenment than Theravada, This makes it possible to reach the goal in a single life time. As it spread into the north of India and throughout Asia, Mahayana Buddhism splited into several groups, each with a different view on the path to enlightenment. But the common believe in all forms of Mahayana Buddhism is that anyone can achieve the goal in this life. (The Purpose of Life According to Buddhism)

A Multinational Computer Software Corporation Commerce Essay

A Multinational Computer Software Corporation Commerce Essay Microsoft Corporation is a multinational computer software corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. With annual revenues of more than 50 billion, Microsoft Corporation is more than the largest software company in the world (Kooten, 2011). It was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975. In early school days, Bill Gates was the topper of the class. Bill and his friend Paul Allen starts to skip classes soon after they were introduced to computers in 1968 (Balu, 2011). They started to find out how these computers work, read books about them, and they started to write programs then, at the age of 13. After finishing schooling days, they joined Harvard University and this was the time when they got into full time into the world of computers. Gates was not graduated from Harvard University as he spent most of his time in computer center and his total interest in programming. The Microsoft Empire started when Bill Gates saw a copy of magazine in 1975 in which featured the new Altair 8800 microcomputer made by MITS computer. He showed MITS the application of the BASIC programming language for their computer. Gates and Allen moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico to be close to MITS Computer and this was where they established Microsoft. Like most start-ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge vision a computer on every desktop and in every home. The company was incorporated in 1981 and it became Microsoft Inc. They launched the first Windows operating system on November 20, 1985 (Microsoft, 2012). Microsoft is known globally for its Microsoft Windows operating system and Microsoft Office suite of products such as, Internet Explorer, Power Point, Excel and Word programs. The companys core business is on developing, manufacturing and licensing software products. Microsoft is committed to the mission of helping their customers to realize their full potential. They constantly update and improve their products, continually evolving their company to accelerate new technologies for serving their customers better. Therefore, there are a total of eight business divisions in Microsoft offering greatest potential to serve their customers. They are Online Services Division, Server and Tools Business, Microsoft Business Solutions, Microsoft Office Division, Interactive Entertainment Business, Windows Phone Division, Windows Windows Live Division and Skype. Led by Gates, Microsoft has succeeded in placing at least one of its products on virtually every personal computer in the world, setting industry standards and defining markets. Contents An effective organization should four important management functions in order to help managers to achieve organizations mission. The four management functions are namely: Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In this content, we will analyze Microsoft Corporation in using these four management functions effectively. 2.1 Planning In this current global marketplace, a multinational corporation such as Microsoft is required to have a corporate culture and an inclusive business environment. Employees with varied perspectives, skills, and experiences are working together in this corporation to meet global consumer demands. The collaboration of cultures, ideas, and different perspectives is what that brings forth greater creativity and innovation. Microsoft found out that U.S. and global diverse markets represent tremendous sources of value in the workplace and marketplace. The growth of diverse populations worldwide and the potential of these segments make them important targets as prospective employees and customers. Economically, the diverse markets represent a growing source of market consumption and buying power, which makes them an important customer group for Microsoft. By increasing the diversity of workforce, they will create a team that capable of designing products that fulfil these growing customers needs. Employees actively seek guidance from their senior executive leadership team to ensure that diversity and inclusive best practices are deeply embedded throughout the working environment. Microsoft comes out with a strategy called Global Diversity Inclusion (GDI), which included: Representation: Building a Pipeline of Future Leaders Microsoft focuses on building its employee pipeline, while actively recruiting those with wide range of diverse backgrounds, highly trained individuals from around the world. Microsoft leverages relationships with schools and professional organizations to achieve diversity recruiting.   They offer programs that provide students the chance to interact with todays technology and learn about careers in this industry Inclusion: Creating Engagement in the Work Environment In order to sustain diversity gains, working environment must promote behaviours in a way that encourage employees to find new ways of problem-solving and reward diversity of thought. Thus, Microsoft provides leaders that have cultural competency training and GDI best practice management strategies, and offer employees the opportunities to build stakeholder relationships, thereby fostering a culture of inclusive behaviours. Innovation: Driving Market Excellence To build the best software, Microsoft incorporates the talents of varied workforce into products, and fulfils the needs and priorities of its diverse customers, suppliers and partner base. Microsoft works with certified and highly trained individuals, and also with small businesses that are seeking to purchase competitively priced quality goods and services from Microsoft. (A Vision and Strategy for the Future, 2012) 2.2 Leading Microsofts unveiling of the new Surface tablet, and with its planned $1.2 billion acquisition of Yammer, a social networking service, and the company is showing signs of actions of a market leader. Microsoft is going after Total World Domination, 100% market share in every market that it is involved in. They focus on risking profits to increase market share and go after a market with the view to dominate it. This is part of the reason which makes Microsoft the leading corporation. There are secrets of Microsofts management where the key points are, Bill Is Watching (Olaoluwa, 2012). Bill Gates philosophy, approach and strategic vision permeate the entire company. Project managers send reports regularly to Bill about the status of their projects in which the current status of the project and the problem that it faces must be stated in the report to ensure Bill knows what is happening. Bill often walks among the workers to see how projects are progressing and he gains a good understanding about what is going on with the projects by talking to the workers. Because Bill understands what is happening throughout the company, his decisions are generally the correct ones for the strategic direction of the company (Thielen, 1999). Besides, workers are given the freedom to create and work properly, but must at the same time be aware of the problems within and status of the project. There is an annual meeting every year for Microsoft employees that include entertainment as well as business. The idea is to keep all employees informed about what is going on in the company and the direction that it is taking. This reflects the management functions of leading in Microsoft. 2.3 Organizing Microsoft is a public corporation. Shareholders elect the board of directors, who in turn hire the top executives including the president, vice presidents, secretary, and treasurer. The company must follow Washington States laws regarding a corporation and must also abide by Securities and Exchange Commission regulations for financial reporting. As of November 2012, Steve Ballmer held the title of CEO, while co-founder Bill Gates was the chairman. According to Wikipedia, as of 2012, the company has a divisional organization. Each division, or product group, focuses on a specific line of goods and services. Each group has its own research and development, sales and customer service staff. Although this type of organization is more expensive and consumes more resources, but it allows the groups to better serve their customers. Each product group has one executive in charge who reports directly to the companys president. Microsofts five product groups are Windows Live Windows Group, which handles the PC operating software and Windows consumer products; Server Software, in charge of internet server software; Online Services, responsible for online advertising and Bing search engine; Microsoft Business, develops business related software and servers; Entertainment and Devices, assigned to handle the Xbox, Zune and software for the automotive industry. By managing the company in divisional form, the entire group is often in one location, allowing more interaction and better communication between all the employees developing or supporting one line of products. Having a smaller business unit means each division can develop new products and get them to market faster, making it easier to compete against rivals. Figure Organizational Structure of MicrosoftOrganizational Chart Microsoft TheOfficialBoard.jpg 2.4 Controlling Besides planning, leading and organizing, Microsoft also focuses in controlling. This management process is important to ensure activities are accomplished as planned and to correct any unwanted deviation. The controlling process includes monitoring, comparing, and correcting work performance. Microsoft often monitors the employees by personal observation. The company managers practices Management By Walking Around (MBWA). Bill Gates and other management staff of Microsoft often walk among the workers to monitor the progress of the project. By this way the top managers gains a good understanding on what is going on with that project. The employees of Microsoft are rate and measured according to accomplishments. A project failure will affect the employees rating negatively. But failure is expected to happen sometimes, and a failure is acceptable and will not give a permanent bad mark on the employees record, unless the employee fails continuously. This measuring style do not intent to belittle the employee, but to measure the work the employee most recently completed. The employees are not measured by whether the project fails or not, but how well they perform within their scope of responsibility. Employees with better performance will receive rewards as well as successful. If failure happens in a project, a post-mortem discussion is held where individuals discuss what went wrong and what could have bee n done better. 2.5 Factor that lead to success Marco Iansiti and Alan D. MacCormack stated that in any industry subject to rapid technological change, a firm faces two big challenges. The first is in recognizing the threats and opportunities that are caused by newly emerging technologies. The second is in mounting an effective response to these threats. Microsoft appears to have solved these problems, giving it the ability to quickly adapt to changing circumstances. Based on Sean Silverthorne, Microsoft has built-in sensing mechanisms to keep track of what is happening in the broader technological context which assist it to recognize threats. Much of this ability comes from its tools division, which tracks the needs of the many developers worldwide who write for Microsoft platforms. When these developers find attractive alternatives to Microsoft technologies as they did when the Internet first emerged, its not long before the tools division starts to hear about it. Microsoft also employed several thousand developers to constantly examining the potential of new technologies. In terms of responding to potential threats, Microsoft consistently plays to its strengths: its overall platform strategy, its existing knowledge base, and its process of componentization. For example, when developing the new Internet Explorer browser, the development team opted to leverage its existing programming model, despite the fact that this would initially slow the project down. From this point on, competitors in the browser space faced a formidable challenge. They were competing not only against the Explorer team, but also against the continual improvements made to Microsofts underlying platform over its many years of existence. 2.6 Future Challenges Even as Microsoft earns high ranking in worlds most powerful brand, profit, sales, assets and market value, their longstanding competitor, Apple, still holds higher ranking than Microsoft in all those aspects. Apple had now topped Microsoft to be the worlds most powerful brand, and it is clear that getting that first place again will be Microsoft greatest challenge. Now and again, Apple had introduced new innovations, especially products like iPad or iPhone, which generates more revenue than all of Microsofts wares combined. Apples innovations have earned Apple more attention and customers as compare with Microsoft. Microsoft challenge will be turning attention of consumers from Apple to Microsoft by coming out with new gadgets that are better than Apples product. Microsoft next challenge is to be flexible in their products. When Apple came out with gadgets with touch screen interfaces such iPhones and iPads, it grab consumers attention to buy the products because people like the convenience and uniqueness of the touch screen interface. Clearly touch screen interface is the trend, but Microsoft could not implement this new technology in their product because Microsofts software products are hardcore to only keyboard and mouse, not touch screen. As a result, Apple was able to grab more customers because of Microsoft inflexibility in its product. To dominate the market, Microsoft needs to be flexible in their product. Findings Conclusion As a summary, the four management functions which consist of: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling had been applied by Microsoft and this kind of management allows the organization to run smoothly in achieving their goals. The chosen example Microsoft stated that planning is the foundation of management, where all the management should built. Planning is importance as well, it determine and implemented to attain the organizations goals and objectives. Besides planning, the management should getting prepared, getting organized. Manager must organize all the resources well before putting into action. Furthermore, leading helps the manager to manage and supervise the actions of the subordinates. This helps them to assist the staff achieving organizations goals and enhancing their career goals which can influenced by leadership, communication, increment, promotion and motivation. Lastly, controlling helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action; therefore control is a tool for achieving organizational activities and also a continuous process. Nowadays, big organizations require managers to be flexible, adaptive, and innovative so to stay competitive. In order to reach these targets, managers must have various management techniques and practices. Managers should understand the fundamentals of the techniques and practices it before it can apply it. Without understanding the management basics, they cant be an effective and efficient manager. As a result, effective and efficient management leads to success, where it accomplishes the targets and objectives of the organizations. Of course, to achieve the ultimate goals, the managements need to work productively and innovative for solving problem with the four management functions mentioned earlier. Management not only has foreseen the desires of accomplishing the goals, but has to look into process that their method is practical and realistic for the company as well.

The Conservation of Energy Essay -- Physics Science Conserving Essays

The Conservation of Energy Physics Essay: The Conservation of Energy Since the beginning of time, energy has pervaded our earth. These days we rely on it to advance in our technological developments. We also need energy for a variety of other things such as: to keep our bodies alive and healthy, to run our machines and other technical devices, we also rely on energy to keep warm in winter and cool in summer. Energy is the ability to do work. People and other things can run out of energy (e.g. a marathon runner) in which case they can no longer have the ability to do work. In a mechanical situation, if a machine has energy it has the ability to apply a force to another body. There are many different forms of energy and there are many different places by which energy can be gathered. Forms of energy include: Potential energy, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy and there are many more. Energy can be gathered in many ways using our natural recourses from the environment, for example: solar energy (from the sun) and hydroelectricity (where electricity is gathered by rushing water) Hydroelectricity is when electricity is generated by rotating coils of wire (rotors) between the poles of a magnet. The rotors are turned by rushing water falling over them. In a hydroelectric plant, water in usually stored in a damn. As the water falls down and rushes over the vanes connected to the rotors it looses gravitational potential energy and ga...

Waters Representation of Freedom in Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Mississippi River serves as a prominent setting. Huck, a rapscallion who runs away from his dad by faking his death, and Jim, a runaway slave who previously knew Huck, meet up on Jackson’s Island via the river. To Jim, the river is a symbol of freedom and a way to learn. To Huck, the river is a symbol of his life and everything he wants. The open waters bring about bonding, fun times, and a safe house for both characters. Amidst the water brings a deeper meaning of the river than just water, it is a great entity that shows freedom. Jim, the runaway slave, uses this river to escape from Miss Watson, his owner, because she planned on selling him for $800. The river flows to the free states, and this is where Jim plans on going with or without Huck. As he is with Huck more and more, Jim learns emotions, like love and compassion, on the river. Jim’s newly shown emotions come into play when the narrator states, â€Å"It was Jim’s voice – nothing ever sounded so good before. I run along the bank a piece and got aboard, and Jim he grabbed me and hugged me, he was so glad to see me† (Twain 112). Love and compassion is shown here by Jim, to Huck. Only freedom has given this runaway slave a way to learn and live like a human being should. Huck, the rapscallion who fakes his death, also has a deep relationship with the river. He relates the river to his life more or less. Since he is a free man, freedom wouldn’t be the right word, more blithe you could say. â€Å"It was kind of lazy and jolly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishing, and no books nor study† (24). Huck’s nature of a care-free person is shown here. He does not like to be cramped up or reformed to anybody he is not. â€Å"[I] said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft† (113). Huck likes to be free and easy like the flowing river. It is undeniable that a slow-flowing river and Huck’s life are inter-related. To both of the characters, who meet up via this entity of water, the river symbolizes a place to bond and safety. Water's Representation of Freedom in Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Mississippi River serves as a prominent setting. Huck, a rapscallion who runs away from his dad by faking his death, and Jim, a runaway slave who previously knew Huck, meet up on Jackson’s Island via the river. To Jim, the river is a symbol of freedom and a way to learn. To Huck, the river is a symbol of his life and everything he wants. The open waters bring about bonding, fun times, and a safe house for both characters. Amidst the water brings a deeper meaning of the river than just water, it is a great entity that shows freedom. Jim, the runaway slave, uses this river to escape from Miss Watson, his owner, because she planned on selling him for $800. The river flows to the free states, and this is where Jim plans on going with or without Huck. As he is with Huck more and more, Jim learns emotions, like love and compassion, on the river. Jim’s newly shown emotions come into play when the narrator states, â€Å"It was Jim’s voice – nothing ever sounded so good before. I run along the bank a piece and got aboard, and Jim he grabbed me and hugged me, he was so glad to see me† (Twain 112). Love and compassion is shown here by Jim, to Huck. Only freedom has given this runaway slave a way to learn and live like a human being should. Huck, the rapscallion who fakes his death, also has a deep relationship with the river. He relates the river to his life more or less. Since he is a free man, freedom wouldn’t be the right word, more blithe you could say. â€Å"It was kind of lazy and jolly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishing, and no books nor study† (24). Huck’s nature of a care-free person is shown here. He does not like to be cramped up or reformed to anybody he is not. â€Å"[I] said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft† (113). Huck likes to be free and easy like the flowing river. It is undeniable that a slow-flowing river and Huck’s life are inter-related. To both of the characters, who meet up via this entity of water, the river symbolizes a place to bond and safety. Water's Representation of Freedom in Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Mississippi River serves as a prominent setting. Huck, a rapscallion who runs away from his dad by faking his death, and Jim, a runaway slave who previously knew Huck, meet up on Jackson’s Island via the river. To Jim, the river is a symbol of freedom and a way to learn. To Huck, the river is a symbol of his life and everything he wants. The open waters bring about bonding, fun times, and a safe house for both characters. Amidst the water brings a deeper meaning of the river than just water, it is a great entity that shows freedom. Jim, the runaway slave, uses this river to escape from Miss Watson, his owner, because she planned on selling him for $800. The river flows to the free states, and this is where Jim plans on going with or without Huck. As he is with Huck more and more, Jim learns emotions, like love and compassion, on the river. Jim’s newly shown emotions come into play when the narrator states, â€Å"It was Jim’s voice – nothing ever sounded so good before. I run along the bank a piece and got aboard, and Jim he grabbed me and hugged me, he was so glad to see me† (Twain 112). Love and compassion is shown here by Jim, to Huck. Only freedom has given this runaway slave a way to learn and live like a human being should. Huck, the rapscallion who fakes his death, also has a deep relationship with the river. He relates the river to his life more or less. Since he is a free man, freedom wouldn’t be the right word, more blithe you could say. â€Å"It was kind of lazy and jolly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishing, and no books nor study† (24). Huck’s nature of a care-free person is shown here. He does not like to be cramped up or reformed to anybody he is not. â€Å"[I] said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft† (113). Huck likes to be free and easy like the flowing river. It is undeniable that a slow-flowing river and Huck’s life are inter-related. To both of the characters, who meet up via this entity of water, the river symbolizes a place to bond and safety.

Taking Care of Your Pet Essay -- Animals Essays

Taking Care of Your Pet Many of you received your first pet when you were three. Buddy was his name and he was your cat. He was your companion. He would curl up beside you for a nap. He would listen when you talked. Though he wasn't very good for giving you advice, you enjoyed his company. You loved that cat and showed your appreciation by carrying the cat around everywhere you went. You had tea parties with him, you dressed him up in you doll clothes, and made sure to tell him goodnight before you went to bed. So by the time you were five the cat was really broke in and knew how to hide from you. Now you were telling your parents you wanted a dog. Their response was that it is a big responsibility to take care of a dog. Responsibility was a big word to you when you were five. You were determined to prove to your parents you could do it. Because cats are more independent than dogs there is more to taking care of dogs than just loving them. Cats are a loner type they come to you when they want attention and hide when they want to be alone. Dogs crave your attention from their owners and act out when they don't receive attention. Taking care of your pets are a responsibility that you need to have. Pet care involves taking you pet to the vet, giving your pet a nutritious diet, and giving your pet plenty of exercise. First of all, it is recommended that you take your pet to the vet at least once a year. Dogs and cats alike can both benefit from regular yearly checkups. This ensures that your pet can have a healthy life. Also you can get many medicines that your pet might need from you vetinarian. Like heartworm medicine for example. Heartworm medicine should be given to your pet at least o... ...ove you unconditionally. Remember these three important things about pet care, and your closest friend will be with you for a long time. You will have learned the responsibility of caring for your pet. Sure at five you are not really going to understand the full meaning of responsibility but you will learn as you grow and your pet grows with you. Over the years you will strengthen the bond and when it comes to a time that you have to depart from your pet it will be hard. But then you will have your own children and you get them a pet to teach them responsibility, just like your parents did for you. Having a pet enhances the lives of the pet owners. It helps children learn responsibility. But most of all having a pet that you have grown to love can lead to a happier, fuller life. Full of memories of a special bond that formed between you had your pet.

Job Design

Job DesignJob design can defined as work arrangement or re- arrangement focused on overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from mechanistic tasks and repetitive. Organizations try to improve productivity levels by giving non- monetary rewards through job design. Non- monetary rewards such as better satisfaction from a personal achievement in meeting the responsibility of one’s work and increased challenge (Business Dictionary, 2013)It also refers to constitute a particular job position by grouped together with set of activities and tasks. Job design should not be underestimated because of organization’s overall productivity will be affected by the way jobs are structured (Pamela S. Lewis, 2007). 2.0 Various Approaches of Job DesignMechanistic Job- Design ApproachThis approach is derived from the scientific- management school of thought, work specialization and work simplification. Its main scientific basis is classic industrial engineering.Diagram 1: indicates the questions might ask to identify whether a job matches the mechanistic approach. Jobs with high mechanistic features the employees training time is usually very short. The reason is mental demands are less, overload and stress unlikely. The disadvantages of this approach are less motivated, less satisfied and higher absenteeism will occur within the organization. In highly repetitive and machine- paced work can lead to health complaints and injuries caused by carelessness and physical wear. For example, low-level factory jobs and unskilled jobs who are working at construction (Michael A. Campion and Paul W. Thayer, 2001).Biological Job- Design ApproachThis approach stems from the sciences of biomechanics, anthropometry, occupational medicine and work physiology. It is called ergonomics, and its main focus on minimize the biological risks of work and physical costs. Ergonomics is means the science of designing working environments or workstations that match the needs and physical abilities of employees. The goal is to make sure that people’s physical limitations and capabilities are not exceeded by the design of their jobs.This approach has been applied in the redesign of equipment used in higher physically demanding jobs so that employees can perform better. This will result in less physical fatigue, create less complaints of health, cause fewer injuries compare with other jobs, and require less physical effort. For instance, ladders, gloves and other equipment have been improved for the telephone installed job and many of assembly tools have been innovated become smaller to is better for female worker to grasp.In fact, a proper seating design is important for all employees with office jobs because of musculoskeletal health (Michael A. Campion and Paul W. Thayer, 2001). Through this approach employees are more satisfying with their job, but it requires higher financial costs to innovate the equipment in the organization.Modern Job-Desig n ApproachModern Job-Design has been practicing by organizations nowadays. It can be divided into job enlargement, job rotation, job enrichment and job empowerment. Job enlargement can define as a job with increasing the number and variety of tasks. This approach was developing challenges to the workers. The tasks are giving at the same level of responsibility; job enlargement is also known as horizontal job loading. Conversely, job enrichment is known as vertical job loading, an employee add variety task in different area. The results of increasing task can be giving the job holder more discretion, authority, and responsibility for making decision in their present role.Next, job rotation is the planned and systematic rotation of employees in pre-determined jobs so they able to get additional skills or knowledge. It is very useful for developing managers because they need to have fully understanding overall operation in the organization. This approach also will help the employees wh o want to improve their knowledge and advance to a new role. One of the benefits of job rotation are employees have an opportunity to learn skills, improve knowledge and ability by working in the different business units or departments. Another job design approaches is empowerment, it can refer to a management practice of sharing rewards, power and information with employees so that they able to take initiative and make decisions to resolve problems and improve performance.Empowerment is based on the idea that providing employees opportunity, skills, resources, motivation, authority, as well holding them accountable and responsible for outcomes of their decisions, will contribute to their satisfaction and competence. These approaches are the most effectively motivating method used by the organizations which improves the decision making skills of the employees and useful in their overall development (John B. Miner, 2007).Important of Job DesignJob design is very important because it design to fulfill the requirements of the organization for operational efficiency, productivity and quality of product or service. A proper job design might help the organization to achieve the goals. Job design offers good rest and work schedule by clearly defining the number of hours an employee required to spend on his or her job. For example, job design for insurance agent has a flexible work schedule and it will help to target more customers. A flexible work schedule means employee can set their own working hours with a fixed number of total hours (CareerBuilder, 2012).This is because their customer may ask them to come out for sign contract or have the knowledge of the insurance at night if the working hour for insurance agent is fixed it will result the agent might not able to get the sales. Furthermore, Job design is fulfilling the needs of the individual for interest, accomplishment, and challenge. When the organization provided a proper job design for each individual emplo yee may aid to increase the job satisfaction, retention of employees, and commitment of employees. For example, organization has sales and marketing vacant and this position have to travel. So the organization has to hire the person who is interest on travelling and meet the requirement of the job.This not only benefits to the individual employee it also the organization due to the employees is found interest with the job. Furthermore, the organization should use motivational job approach to retain employees. The employer ought to use job enrichment or enlargement to sustain the employees who are look for challenge on work. With job enrichment, employer can expand the task for some employees. The employer may provide more interesting and stimulating work that increases variety and challenge to an employee’s daily routine.In fact, Coca- Cola Company is providing on-the-job learning, development programs, coaching and feedback, they make sure that everyone in  the organizatio n to learn more and build their careers. The Coca- Cola stated â€Å"we want Coca-Cola to be a great place to work where people are inspired and motivated to be the best they can be† (Coca-Cola, 2010)Advantages of Job DesignBesides that, a good job design will increase the value of the position to the organization, engages the employee and reduce organizational risk. It results to better organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Not only benefits the organization it also brings better results from employees. Organizational BenefitsEmployee Benefits– Increased productivity and efficiency – Greater clarity of work role and purpose. – More effective work teams – Good team cohesion as roles, relationships and resources are clearly defined – Improved employee attraction, engagement and retention – Increased job satisfaction and engagement – Targeted training to maximize value from training investment. – Targeted training t o meet current and future job needsThe job design can benefit the organization to increase productivity and efficiency due to the employees has a clear work role, target and purpose of the job. Nowadays, the job advertising for all vacancy all clearly stated what the position required. Other than that, the organization will benefit more effective work teams through the team cohesion as roles, relationships and resources are clearly defined. That means they are clearly understand what is the purpose or goal for the organization and it will reduce conflict between employer and employees.Through a proper job design for every individual employee the organization can reduce the requirement cost because the engagement and retention of employees. For employees, they are more satisfied with their job because the job is customizing for her/ him. Furthermore, Training is a part of job design. Contrary to the philosophy of â€Å"leave them alone†, is better to emphasis on training so th ey aware what are their job demands and how it is to be done (MSG, 2013).It targeted on training employees to maximize value to the organization; for employees’  benefits, they can get proper training from the organization and meet the current or future job needs. For example, insurance agent in AIA is provided training to improve their communication skills and soft skills to convince the client to purchase their services. Job design is a continuous process it aimed at helping employees make adjustment with the changes in the workplace. The end goal is reducing employee dissatisfaction, enhancing employee engagement and motivation at the workplace.Disadvantages of Having a Poor Job DesignA poor jobs design and poor systems may result of organizational stress. Research by the World Health Organization indicates that most stress of job happens when an organization values excessive demands and pressures that do not match employees’ abilities and knowledge. A poor job de sign is often attended by a few opportunities for the employees to exercise control or select in their positions. By offering more control for employee in decision- making can increase employee morale and productivity, as well as remove job stress.Overlooking poor work system design and job design might result in increased sick leaves and employee absenteeism. Employees can loss concern and become less committed and irritable to their work (Mary Tucker- McLaughlim, 2013). In addition, the poor ergonomics also will influence employee productivity and job satisfaction. Ergonomics is under biological job- design approach, it applied to verify those employees are not at risk of injury by pressure from working environment. However, ergonomics may also influence both on employees satisfaction and productivity of organization. One of the factors influence the worker productivity is poor design of ergonomics. This can be the physical layout of the workplace, which is poorly designed can slo w down the employee’s want to move items around his/her workplace.Empirical evidence on year 1998 study from Florida International University it indicated the movement of distance, effect of tool mass, and work height on the productivity of the subjects. This researched resulted that three variables had an impact on performance time. It was increased costs and decreased productivity due to poor ergonomics (Beth Winston, 2013).Suggestion and RecommendationDiagram 3To develop a good job structure for new employee or senior employee who is promoted to higher position as a Human Resource (HR) manager must follow the development of job design showed at diagram 3. The way of develop job design is significance for future. It will reduce employee turnover in the organization through this will save cost from recruitment and training new employees. An employer might misinterpret that money is one of the tools to motivate their employees. Nowadays, job design is a significant in motivat ing employees to be more productive. Job design is an important impact on job satisfaction, employee motivation, and commitment to the organization. All of these will be affect the efficiency of the organization.Another purpose of job design is done for correcting and identifying any insufficiencies that affect motivation and performance of employees. Before apply job design to employees must identify their skills and knowledge. After that, decide what job design approaches to providing them. Job design must continually process, it is not only for new employee who joins the organization but also senior employees. A job design is benefits for senior employees to learn more and prevent boredom on their current tasks. Nowadays, job design is very significant to all organizations.When an organization gives a poor job design to an employee, it might result that low productivity or performance. This will influence the overall profitability within the organization. The organization has to customize to every employees because different employees have different level of ability or knowledge.

Poverty and Animal Rights Activist

The year is 2040. There are no animals. Most of the other races are literally extinct. Poverty is what makes up the countries' population. Could you imagine the world? I couldn't. I would hate to live in a world where there is a struggle to live. I would hate It even more if did nothing but sit and watch. These thoughts are what drive my passions to try and change the world. I believe that If we all take a stand against these horrifying issues, we could make a change In the world, together. For Instance, I'd like to change the world by alleviating poverty. And my passions can be my tool.There are poor people living out there without anything. It's a slow, and playfully to die and I don't think their lives should be taken from them so easily. I could use one of my passions, which Is writing, and I could write a book through a poor person's point of view. I also enjoy donating because It makes me happy to know that I helped someone In need. I could make money by slang, which Is also an other passion, to donate. I could have a food drive for the ones who are starving. Thus, the poverty rate plummets. As soon as I was exposed to the horror of poaching, I knell would be the one to ease it.Poaching animals is another flaw that I would like to fix . I could use my passion, writing, by creating persuasive speeches that could, hopefully, change their minds. Although that doesn't sound too safe, I could be an Animal Rights Activist. It's a job that I've dreamed of. Anyways if I make speeches, I would read them aloud in public areas. Hopefully, it would raise awareness and everyone would see the reality. And I also like reading and it could be an asset because it would help with researching. Despite the laws, discrimination is still around.I'd like to impact the world by ending all discrimination. In this century, society has corrupted itself an words are as painful as whips strikes against your back. Writing cold be useful by making speeches. Singing would be helpful. I c ould compose songs about equality for all and sing them at public places or where you could perform. Just spread awareness through every corner. I've always been captivated, interested, and good with social studies or history, and I could recreate the discriminating periods and Insert them in essays and hopefully ban it once and for all.I'm passionate about writing, donating, reading, singing, and dreaming of becoming an Animal Rights Activist. I strongly believe that my passions will be useful by changing the world. Lay writing could help with alleviating poverty and It could raise awareness which would be the rescue. Writing can be turned Into a persuasive speech to convince that the animals are In need of help. And people will be aware of the grotesque reality. Discrimination could be ended once and for all with the help of my voice. My singing would be an asset and It could really llama. And me, being anAnimal Rights Activist Is a dream. Jesse Owens once said, † We all hav e dreams. But on order to make tee dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot of determination, dedication, self-discipline, and effort. † Poverty and Animal Rights Activist By foreordained it even more if I did nothing but sit and watch. These thoughts are what drive my passions to try and change the world. I believe that if we all take a stand against these horrifying issues, we could make a change in the world, together. For instance, I'd like to change the world by alleviating poverty. And my passions an be my tool.There are poor people living out there without anything. It's a slow, and painfully to die and I don't think their lives should be taken from them so easily. I could use one of my passions, which is writing, and I could write a book through a poor person's point of view. I also enjoy donating because it makes me happy to know that I helped someone in need. I could make money by singing, which is also another passion, to donate. I could have a food drive for the ones who are As soon as I was exposed to the horror of poaching, I knew† would be the one to Job that I've dreamed of.Anyways if I make speeches, I would read them aloud in studies or history, and I could recreate the discriminating periods and insert them in by changing the world. Lay writing could help with alleviating poverty and it could raise awareness which would be the rescue. Writing can be turned into a persuasive speech to convince that the animals are in need of help. And people will be aware of my voice. My singing would be an asset and it could really impact. And me, being an Animal Rights Activist is a dream. Jesse Owens once said, † We all have dreams. But

Analysis of Competitive Environment Models and Tools Essay

Introduction   Ã¢â‚¬ËœClosed’ systems are described as systems having no relationship, communications and interface to its outside world.   Systems including human organizations, which is self-sustaining (both food producing and waste material recycling) has always been in touched with other organizations and its environment.   Imagine an entity floating in outer space carrying living organisms in it.   And such are producing their own food, energy and raw materials needed for survival.   But such entity will die in the future for it will need to replenish its need, energy to use and food to eat.   This fact makes an entity virtually lonely and survival impossible, thus organizations, social groups and social entities are interconnected. This connections and interactions render them as ‘open’ entities.   This connection allows entities to exchange the necessary things that will allow the survival and sustainability of its existence.   Organizations interact with its environment and other organizations for resources, information and technology, weapons, goods and services.   Thus transformation of organization becomes inevitable.   The point is it is a necessity rather than a requirement for organizations to work with or against other organizations and its environment for growth, survival and development.   A typical example of an entity, which houses everything that it needs and for its consumer: the hypermarkets. Hypermarket is a combination of a supermarket and a department store. It is a huge retail store which house a wide range of products. A well planned hypermarket allows a consumer to purchase everything in this type of facility. Like malls and grocery stores, hypermarkets follows a   on high-volume, low-margin sales model. The size of hypermarket facility covers an average of 150,000 square feet.   Such facilities are located on suburban and highly accessible areas for vehicles to accommodate large numbers of shoppers. (Wikipedia, 2007). In 1957, Carrefour was the first to introduce hypermarkets in 1957 owned by Fournier and Defforey (Wikipedia, sec 1).   This entity targeted a wide range of customers that the concept of housing all the necessary things human beings would possibly need was made in one entity.   Analysing this kind of organization using the different environmental analysis models and tools, we can get rich lessons from   Carrefour. The STEP checklist (Social, Technological, Economic and Political). STEP is simple and has many applications in many fields.   STEP is an acronym, which stands for Social, Technological, Economic and Political Checklist.   This method determines the factors that influences organizations/entities accurately and systematically.   The STEP checklist facilitates ease of determining the factors that influences the organization (Armson et al, 12-13). Social factors include demography, culture and values of an organization, vision and mission. The physical aspects of the society are measured by sociological factors like age, class, trends in migration and emigration, and so on.   Carrefour had integrated a multilevel marketing strategy based on this indicator.   A family as a unit has special need for each member. If Carrefour could bring all these needs in one place, the family need not go on separate ways.   As they acquire the needs, the company of each member is not sacrificed.   Exchange of opinions regarding clothes for each member and the amount of consumption and expenditure is also discussed while they go shopping around. Technological factors refer to machines, discoveries and techniques developed that improve communication, systems, and the general way of life.   Economic factors refer to the financial growth, family income and other economic indicators.   Political factor translates to the rules and regulations, government and system of governance and the political direction of the organization in terms of leadership.   Carrefour in this example had brought in together in one place the advances in technology.   The barcodes that we have, the electronic transactions that we have are all products of the chain reaction in putting together shops in one place.   The need for efficiency and fast movement of goods was conceptualized little by little. The Transformation Model The STEP model is an overview of everything that occurs in an organization.   It determines individual movement of society and its causal agent.   In transformation model, inputs determine the output using a certain ‘transformation’ process. This Input-Process-Output process has been borrowed from Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1950 in his general systems theory (Wikipedia, par 1, sec. 1).   This theory is an approach that looks into the properties of systems in terms of relationships and processes and those that emerge from these relationships and processes which also conveys the whole. In the point of view of customer relations, Carrefour had encountered a lot of challenges that it evolved into an efficient system of customer service.   A special section perhaps dealing with product complains, product testing and purchase returns was created.   The reaction to its competitors was to move the same. Show the customer concerns and care for their needs as they value their hard earned money.   Other inputs like management had evolved from simple to complex structure.   But as this processes occurred, everything also move with them like customer perception, supplier value-adding activities, government regulations and even lifestyle of the community which they exist. Mintzberg’s ‘Physiognomy’ Physiognomy was used by palm readers to read lines in human hands in relation to the human character.   In this case, we use faces to read characters of organizations.   Mintzberg believes that organizations should forged links or ‘coalitions’.   These coalitions are useful when problems that require resolution arise.   When the different interests relating to the problem represent different groups, power groups are said to arise (Armson et al, 12-13). In addition to this, Mintzberg created ‘cast lists’ of every groups and/or coalition, which could be used as checklist also.   He named key players in these coalitions such as owners, associates, associations, and publics. Economic Sector Analysis Another method of dissecting business environment is the use of sectors and markets in the economics point of view (Armson et al, 14-15).   Economists termed sector (more like industries) in the use of economic activities.   In a sector, similar goods and services are produce such that each is affected by one another.   For example, a growing sector affects other sectors as well as the organizations within that sector.   Whether these effects are large or small, the use of sector analysis allows us to explore organizations in the same sector especially what is distinct in that organization.   Again Carrefour as a hypermarket entity pioneer spurred other hypermarket entities to compete and also join industries to lobby for government policies. References: Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear and Walsh Tony. The Open University: Managing in Organizations: Identifying Environmental Issues. 1995. p11-15. General Systems Theory. Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia.   2006. Hypermarket.   Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia: 2007 â€Å"Carrefour† Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia.   12 February 2007.