An Investigation into the Enthalpies of the Combustion of Alcohols Essa

An Investigation into the Enthalpies of the Combustion of Alcohols==================================================================PlanningMy aim for this experiment is to see the zilch produced fromdifferent alcoholic drinks. This investigation involves burning alcohol in theair. GCSE Chemistry by B.Earl and L.D.R Wilford says that alcoholsform, another homologous series, with the general formula Cn H2n+1OH. The alcohol reacts with the oxygen in the air to form the productswater and carbon dioxide.This response is exothermic, as affectionateness is given turn out. This is because theamount reactant energy is more than the product energy the differencebetween this is H, therefore some energy has been given out in theform of heat. The energy is given out when forming the bonds betweenthe new water and carbon dioxide molecules. This can be shown in anenergy level diagram Reaction co-ordinate H is the heat content,which is the enthalpy, which is negative in exothermic reactions a sthe diagram shows that energy is lost as heat. Enthalpy is definedas the energy of reaction, or the heat energy associated with achemical change. For any reaction carried out directly at a constantpressure, the heat flow is hardly equal to the difference betweenenthalpy of products and that of the reactants.To measure the heat energy given off, we must use this energy to heatsomething, this pull up stakes be water. This is presume that all the heatproduced by combustion of the alcohol will equal the amount of heatabsorbed by the water (q). So I will measure the amount of energyrequired to do so. This can be worked out by apply the formula q =mass x specific heat capacity x temperature rise or q = MCH. Where qis the quantity of heat. The specific heat capacity is the amount ofenergy required to heat the substance, and is calculated using theformula q =energy supplied/ Mass x Temperature, where q is theenthalpy, c is the specific heat capacity and H is the temperaturerise. I chos e to use water as it is safe, easily obtainable, and has aconstant, reliable specific heat capacity of 4.2J/C.The bonds which are made in a exothermic reaction are forces ofattraction between the atoms or ions in a substance. These can be oftwo types covalent, in which the atoms share electrons. Examples ofthis are water and carbon dioxide, whi... ...lowtemperature reading to heat the 100cm3 of water.The procedure of the experiment was good plenty of finding out theenergy gained from the individual alcohols, but changes could havebeen made to make the reliability of the results more accurate. Thiscould have been done by using a better and more accurate thermometer,such as an electric thermometer, which have gave me a much more pinpoint set of results.If I were to do this experiment again I would make a number ofimprovements or changes, I could use a Bomb Calorimeter whichsubmerges the reaction inside an insulated container of water. Anelectrical thawing device starts the reaction inside a sealed reactionvessel and the temperature rise of the water which surrounds it ismeasured. Bomb calorimeters are often used to find the calorific valueof foods.Looking at the experiment I did I thought we could have extended theresults we achieved by using different flame lengths, this would havetold us how much the alcohol uses its energy when the flame isincreased. I could have also changed the amount of water in the coppercalorimeter, or even change the immersion of alcohol to see theeffect.

In The Beginning :: essays research papers fc

In the BeginningThe possibility of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin, is as much theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity. Evolutionary theory is a scientific theory dealing with scientific data, non a system of metaphysical beliefs or a faith (Wilkins). Biological theories, and especially evolution, unconnected the theories of physics, have been argued desire and hard in social and political arenas. Even today, evolution is often not taught in unproblematic schools. However, evolution is the binding outcome of all biological research. It is the unifying theme. Living organisms evolve through genetic changes over generations, and planets evolve through the processes of erosion and deposition. In paleontology, evolution gives workers a herculean way to organize the frame of past life forms, and better understand the one storey of life. The history of thought or so evolution in general, and paleontological contributions specifically, are often use ful to the scientists of today. Science, like any iterative process, draws heavily from its history.We live on an ancient planet. In the westbound world, however, people have long believed that Earth had a relatively recent beginning. In 1650, James Ussher, estimating from his close study of the Bible, calculated that Earth was created in 4004 B.C. (Feder 12). Although not everyone agreed with his calculations, until the nineteenth light speed most people in the Western world shared Bishop Usshers view that Earth was relatively young and that its entire history was chronicled in ancient texts.During the nineteenth century, geologists and biologists accumulated evidence that Earth was much elder than previously suspected. Their evidence for an ancient Earth came primarily from the fogyized dust of organisms found in sedimentary rocks. The geologists guiding concepts were simple Rocks form slowly by piling up of sediments, and younger rocks are deposited on top of older ones. A g reat canyon carved into sedimentary rocks may have a visible record of more than a billion years (Levin 4). keep within some rocks were fossils - the remains of organisms that lived while the sediments were accumulating. When older rocks are compared with younger ones, slight but significant differences can be observed among similar fossil organisms. The most famous sample is fossil horses. The animals show an increase in size and a reduction of side toes an increase in the height and complexness of teeth, and a deepening and lengthiness of the skull (Levin 318).In The Beginning essays research papers fc In the BeginningThe theory of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin, is as much theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity. Evolutionary theory is a scientific theory dealing with scientific data, not a system of metaphysical beliefs or a religion (Wilkins). Biological theories, and especially evolution, unlike the theories of physics, have been argued long and hard in social and political arenas. Even today, evolution is often not taught in primary schools. However, evolution is the binding force of all biological research. It is the unifying theme. Living organisms evolve through genetic changes over generations, and planets evolve through the processes of erosion and deposition. In paleontology, evolution gives workers a powerful way to organize the remains of past life forms, and better understand the one history of life. The history of thought about evolution in general, and paleontological contributions specifically, are often useful to the scientists of today. Science, like any iterative process, draws heavily from its history.We live on an ancient planet. In the Western world, however, people have long believed that Earth had a relatively recent beginning. In 1650, James Ussher, estimating from his close study of the Bible, calculated that Earth was created in 4004 B.C. (Feder 12). Although not everyone agreed with his cal culations, until the nineteenth century most people in the Western world shared Bishop Usshers view that Earth was relatively young and that its entire history was chronicled in ancient texts.During the nineteenth century, geologists and biologists accumulated evidence that Earth was much older than previously suspected. Their evidence for an ancient Earth came primarily from the fossilized remains of organisms found in sedimentary rocks. The geologists guiding concepts were simple Rocks form slowly by piling up of sediments, and younger rocks are deposited on top of older ones. A great canyon carved into sedimentary rocks may have a visible record of more than a billion years (Levin 4).Preserved within some rocks were fossils - the remains of organisms that lived while the sediments were accumulating. When older rocks are compared with younger ones, slight but significant differences can be observed among similar fossil organisms. The most famous example is fossil horses. The anima ls show an increase in size and a reduction of side toes an increase in the height and complexity of teeth, and a deepening and lengthening of the skull (Levin 318).

Capitalism and the Joy of Working :: essays research papers

Enjoyment of work and creative thinking is more important to most people than higher pay. Employers cant pay to get more creativity because it is non just about the money. Something meaningful and challenging is generally more important for new workers coming into the workforce. No more is it the hope of reaching fame or qualification money that drives the workforce. Its the opportunity to do the work that is enjoyed. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a psychologist at the University of Chicago and author of Finding Flow The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life, has gear up through his research that for some people, paying them to do things they enjoy actually reduces their busy in doing those things. Another theory is that if you take your hobby and turn it into a career you wont enjoy it as much. Capitalism plays a key factor in creativity because the workforce needs to be stimulated in order to produce good results. Cracking the whip on an convention line stifles creativity in the workplace and most workplaces are not assembly lines like they were a while back. Leaders that work under an authoritarian model stifle creativity and innovation. This will ultimately lead to low productivity and low turnover within the workforce. The good life just doesnt happen anymore. There arent millions of people working in assembly lines and in automobile manufacturing plants .. people are creating their happiness and most of it is a direct result on how they spend their time while they are punched into a clock.When what we do at work is meaningful people dont get bored or distracted, they get so involved they forget to eat. The world, and capitalism, needs creativity and innovation and without it would breed a lull in change and technology. Obviously, change and technology are what drives our capitalistic society. I remember my father always say me that in order to appreciate and value the things you have you have to work for them yourself. I think the same holds true for business ventures. Having a personal interest and a personal bank account on line drives one to succeed possibly all the more than k working for a secure paycheck. Wealth and prosperity are created with capitalism. Freedom, self-interest and competition make for a healthy environment engulfed in capitalism. Freedom is the rights to exchange products and capital. Self-interest is the right to surveil ones own happiness (which after all is the American way) which transforms into pursuing ones own business and use it to appeal to the consumers.

Mark Twain :: Free Essays

Just as Huckleberry Finn found peril along the waters of the great disseminated sclerosis River, contemporary students often find themselves treading their own deep waters trying to recognise and interpret the whole shebang of author Samuel Clemens, a.k.a. Mark Twain. But what Huck Finn never had, todays literature students do the answer to any dilemma of interpretation...a website entitled Mark-Twain-Essays.Com.Tired of crawling through web pages with scant information and little to go on? THIS site contains not one.... not ten... but dozens upon dozens of essays reviewing, analyzing, & critiquing the works of Mark Twain Whether youre reading The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer for the first time or performing a comparison and contrast between Puddnhead Head Wilson and computerized tomography Yankee In King Arthurs Court.Biography Twain was born in Florida, Missouri in 1835, moving to the city of Hannibal (in the same state) when he was four. His formal schooling end at the age of twelve, when he became apprenticed to a printer. His natural flair for words took him from printing into journalism, and his wanderlust took him from journalism into the life of a Mississippi riverboat flee (Ousby 946). Reflecting his own life Twain depicts much of his early life in the book Life on the Mississippi. As Albert Bigelow Paine writes, "In Life on the Mississippi we have Twains story of how he met Horace Bixby and decided to become a pilot instead of a South American adventurer -- jauntily setting himself the surpassing task of learning the twelve hundred miles of the Mississippi River between St. Louis and New Orleans -- of knowing it as exactly and as unfailingly, even in the dark, as one knows the way to his own features. It seems incredible to those who knew Mark Twain in his later years -- dreamy, unpractical, and indifferent to details -- that he could have acquired so broad a store of minute facts as were required by that task.

Regional American Literature :: essays research papers

Journal Entry regional American Literature & the southernRegional American Literature seems to deal with specific areas and their culture. Culture has evolved throughout the years. Using the South as an example, its culture was clearly defined before the Civil War. The South was comprised mostly of slaves working hard picking cotton until their fingers bled for no pay, white supremacist slave owners quick to bludgeon at the slightest sign of insurgence and the rest of the globe unsure of which side they belong. Blacks were looked at as possessions, not allowed to learn how to read or write, sleeping in dark, damp shacks dirtier than animal stables, beaten and raped at their owners whim. Today, though the South still has an air of contempt that has carried itself through genesis after generation of confederate pride, a new generation has a mind of its own believing that life is better lived in harmony. Our grandparents, draws and fathers may still reference the African-Americans as niggers, but the phrase makes the children of the 21st blows skin crawl. For example, my mother-in-law came for a visit and said, The Smiths house was bought by a bunch of niggers. There goes the neighborhood. All of our houses are worthless now. Her male child and I are adamantly against racism. Their attempt to taint their childrens belief system by implanting white supremacist ideals has failed. A new generation is born a generation which better understands the melting pot that America has always been. Instead of white pride, its just pride pride in being an American. I believe this generation, being the so over-exposed to a wealth of media and knowledge, has drastically altered the regional literature of the South and for that matter, the United States as a whole. And how can adults direct under the old southern principals raise their children to value education and become doctors, lawyers and leaders of corporations. Maybe the parents didnt teach the children this drive f or education? Maybe its their peer discussions and television programming showing them that there is an abundance of opportunities outside of being a farmer, beer truck driver or a stay-at-home mother right out of high school. Television has been and continues to be a powerful tool in getting the word out to those underprivileged children living in poverty with seemingly no hope for a better life. Television is also assisting

Regional American Literature :: essays research papers

Journal Entry Regional American Literature & the SouthRegional American Literature seems to deal with specific areas and their culture. Culture has evolved throughout the years. Using the South as an example, its culture was clearly defined before the Civil War. The South was comprised mostly of slaves working hard picking cotton until their fingers bled for no pay, white supremacist slave owners quick to bludgeon at the slightest sign of insurgence and the rest of the populace unsure of which side they belong. Blacks were looked at as possessions, not allowed to understand how to read or write, sleeping in dark, damp shacks dirtier than animal stables, beaten and raped at their owners whim. Today, though the South still has an transmit of contempt that has carried itself through generation after generation of confederate pride, a new generation has a mind of its own believing that life is ameliorate lived in harmony. Our grandparents, mothers and fathers may still reference the African-Americans as niggers, but the phrase makes the children of the 21st centurys skin crawl. For example, my mother-in-law came for a visit and said, The Smiths house was bought by a bunch of niggers. There goes the neighborhood. All of our houses are worthless now. Her son and I are adamantly against racism. Their attempt to taint their childrens belief system by implanting white supremacist ideals has failed. A new generation is born a generation which break down understands the melting pot that America has forever been. Instead of white pride, its just pride pride in being an American. I believe this generation, being the so over-exposed to a wealth of media and knowledge, has drastically altered the regional literature of the South and for that matter, the United States as a whole. And how can adults operating under the old southern principals raise their children to value teaching and become doctors, lawyers and leaders of corporations. Maybe the parents didnt teach the children this drive for education? Maybe its their peer discussions and television programming showing them that there is an teemingness of opportunities outside of being a farmer, beer truck driver or a stay-at-home mother right out of high school. Television has been and continues to be a powerful tool in getting the word out to those underprivileged children living in poverty with seemingly no hope for a better life. Television is also assisting

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

Cat on a spicy Tin Roof is a fast paced play full of dramatic tension. Discuss how the portrayal of sexual urge/sexuality fuels that tension, increasing the dramatic work. Choose some but not each of the possible examples you might used Cat On A Hot Tin Roof, Written by Tennessee Williams is an excellent play about a troubled family that is dealing with buried acts of deception, conflict and tension. Along with these problems comes sexuality and sex, a actually important aspect of the play which increases the dramatic effect. The pressure amidst husband and wife created by sexual tensions.The need for Brick to be seen as a military man by repressing homosexual feelings from the world by turning to the effects of alcohol. Maggies sexual frustration with her husband who refuses to show her the passion she is longing. The frustration titanic Daddy feels from not being sexually attracted to his wife. The relationship between great Daddy and Brick, how they are more alike then the y seem to be. These are among the of import problems concerning sexuality escalating dramatic tension in this play. The sexual tension between Brick and Maggie is one of the most comm however occurring conflicts throughout the play.Brick and Maggie are a couple in the play who have two opposite feelings for each other. In Act 1 Maggie says to Brick You look so cool, so cool, so enviably cool the abduce presents Brick to be represented to the audience as a man who is self contained, cool, untouchable and perfect physically. He physically embodies a real man. Maggie sees herself as a women who is dissatisfied, ignored, and exhausted from sharing her desires with Brick as he does not feel the same way. Maggie refers to herself as a cat on a calefactive tin roof loving someone knowing that the love cannot be returned.Maggie confession to Brick about their relationship only increases the tensions between the two characters and forces Maggie to question their helpership for something much stronger. Maggie becomes bitter and anxious like a cat, she takes into account that without Bricks love she will remain childless, and that they will be less favored to freehanded Daddy his heir and their position in his household will be put at risk. Brick, self concerned and rugged. Throughout the play, Brick continues to wash away all of his troubles and problems by drinking excessively.This is a problem that he has developed to separate himself from the problems. One man has one great good true thing in his life. One great good thing which is true I had a friendship with Skipper. You are naming it dirty This quote from Act 1 shows Brick playing out at Maggie for implying that his and Skippers relationship was more than just a friendship. This is the first cartridge holder these implications are made and the first time in the play that Brick looses his cool, he links thoughts of homosexuality with disgust.This shows that the implications could be true, because when Magg ie shares her own sexual approach, he reacts in a cool, calm and a completely removed manner, not showing all signs of concern. You two had something that had to be kept on ice, yes, incorruptible, yes Maggie continues on about Bricks relationship with Skipper, forcing Brick to acknowledge the fact that he did have homosexual feelings for his best friend rather than continuously mourning his death over the fact that his feelings had to be kept in secret from society.Bricks main goal is to keep his masculinity inviolable Why cant exceptional friendship.. Between two men be respected Brick is disturbed by the fact that his desire is jeopardizing his masculinity, something that he cannot fob away because of sharing the possibility of his homosexuality. Big Daddy, the large Mississippi Redneck is the millionaire father of the family, effected with cancer unknowingly. Brick is the only one who knows, and hides it. Big Daddy believes that he has come back from the dead, realizing that his money cannot buy him happiness.His sexual life is now brought back into the picture. He was never pleased with his wife and did not love her the time they were married, he wants to explore sex again now that he has a second chance. This is much like Brick and Maggies current relationship, except Bricks choice in gender, showing how alike Brick is to his father. He has a strong affection for his son Brick, who reminds him very much of himself. For this reason he wants Brick to be the heir to his throne. The only way to achieve this is if Brick and Maggie provide a grandchild for Big Daddy to continue his legacy.Although the possibility of this grandchild in unlikely because of Brick and Maggies sexual relationship. Now, hold on.. I knocked just about in my time When Big Daddy finally learns the truth about his sons sexuality he confesses his experimentation as a developing man, it is here that Brick and Big Daddy are more alike than ever. Now that the truth behind Bricks sexu ality is revealed he tells Big Daddy that he is still dying from cancer. You told me I told you As a result of Big Daddy forcing Brick to face his homosexuality, Brick forces Big Daddy to receive the news of his inevitable death.Now Big Daddy is occupying the position that Brick has just gotten out of, Brick is revealing and Big Daddy is receiving. Sexuality and sex in this play does increase the dramatic tension between the characters. It is something that effects everyone in the play somehow. The examples above are only three of many others. The relationship between Maggie and Brick, is almost completely dependent on Bricks sexuality, take down his excessive drinking is strongly related to his sexuality.He knows that he cannot be the heir to Big Daddy without a child, yet still chooses not to engage in sexual relations with Maggie. This makes Maggie greatly concerned about her place in the household. Big Daddy comes to a sort of revelation, thinking he has been given a second li fe. He acts cruel with his wife, because he accepts the fact that he never truly loved her and has been hiding his sexual appetite their entire marriage. The dramatic effect in this play is lead by sexuality and sex, it acts as foundation that builds up to vital events in the play.

Knowledge Questions for Unit Hsc Essay

As a candi date, make sure you describe and inform your actions. Knowledge Questions for Unit HSC 44 5 Who draws up the cypher of Practice for Social Care? The General Social Care Council. 6e Outline features of systems used in Lincolnshire in respect of confidential reporting of issues of cin one cheekrn. The council has its own form _or_ system of government which helps to inform on bad practice, difficulties between rung members and billings ect.This is the whistle blowing policy and it was designed in order to protect those wishing to make a complaint and to avoid such things as victimization. Although anonymous, complaints are still dealt with the same seriousness as named complaints although it is preferred that applicants with complaints should not be anonymous. 7 When the Childrens act 2004 was print it contained some major changes for the way in which services were to be delivered.Take one and let off in your own words the advantages this brings for the well existence of electric shaverren and their families. The Childrens Act 2004 brought about(predicate) galore(postnominal) changes and most significant was the Every Child Matters campaign that runs along side the 2004 act. For the Act itself the main change that helps in the mesh that I do is the implementation of the CAF.This reckons in line with the need for inter-agency working. I think this is one on the most crucial changes of the Act, and as the Victoria Climbie inquiry showed many agencies were involve with the case and through lack of communication, discipline sharing and joint working Victoria Climbie died at the hands of her aunt. One of the many advantages is local authorities drive for inter-agency working. Through this many agencies are trying to change their way of working and with the help of the CAF more agencies are invited to the first meeting when a sm all told fry has been shown to have addi tional needs. On the whole the process is proving to be more focussed on the sister and family and this reduces any stigma for the families as in the by most cases where always referred to social workers. Families and electric shaverren are now seen more often and social workers can now focus on the more complex and child protection cases. Through inter-agency working families and children are given the help that meets their needs and reduces the need for long term involvement. 8a Outline the features of the Dfes green light Building a agriculture of Participation This initiative is led by the government in their commitment to allow children to have a say in how policies affect them and to contri just nowe to how a service is delivered.By listening to children and young people it ensures that policies and services are designed around their needs. This leads to better outcomes for children, young people and families. It also allows for policies t o be efficaciously evaluated and evolve as necessary. 9a Outline the Common Assessment Framework.Explain why this Government initiative has been introduced and its purpose. The CAF was implemented in 2006 in order to have a universal assessment form that could be used by all agencies and professionals. This was in line with some of Lord Lamings suggestations after the Victoria Climbie enquiry. As a universal document it reduces the need for repetitive assessments and focuses more on the child and family and multi agency working.The CAF process can start at any m once it has been identified that a child has an additional need. Once agreed all information is shared between the agencies involved again reducing the retrieve of a child falling through the system. As the CAF is aimed at early intervention some one such as a drill teacher can be the lead professional allowing more serious cases to be dealt with by social workers.As children can oft en have what was once deemed as minor issues and not warrant the classification as a child in need, through the CAF they are classed as having additional needs which allows professionals to work with the child and family. Once a child that has been highlighted as a CAF they can move in and out of the system as identified issues arise. 9bc Summarise the targets of the feature health and education initiative Healthy schools. The national intelligent schools programme promotes a whole school approach to health. The programme is a joint initiative between the department of health and the department for children, schools and families.It aims to deliver benefits for children on improvement in health, raise pupil achievement, more social inclusion and a walking(prenominal) working between health promotion providers and education establishments. The public health white paper choosing health (2004) set a challenging target for 75% of schools to achieve he althy school status by 2009 and for all schools to work towards this target. Through a planned curriculum schools can promote learning and healthy lifestyle choices.The four core themes within the programme are Healthy eating Physical activity PSHE Emotional health and well- macrocosm. 12 How does the Joint annual Review shape the way in which Childrens Services are delivered locally. You may wish to discuss Lincolnshires last JAR and comment on how the youthful Service restructuring has been a result of this. The Childrens Act requires joint area reviews to be conducted in each childrens services authority area.The multi-disciplinary aggroup of inspectors review all services provided to children and young people aged 0 19. There are around 42 key judgements which relate directly to the five outcomes highlighted in the every child matters framework. Through the Lincolnshire JAR report published in March 2007 it was proved that ther e was a need for better facilities for all children aged 0 19.There are now plans to arrive a further 23 childrens centres by 2008. Through this service restructuring the aim is to dismissal the balance of services from interventionist to a preventative approach. The strengthenceing families will work with partner agencies to deliver the five outcomes for the every child matters. This is where childrens services as a targeted service interface as part of a universal service. 16e Identify the risks to effective working caused by stresses on the work force and recommend what action can be taken. When work becomes too stressful for an several(prenominal) it can cause a knock on effect throughout the provide team and the cases in which the individual is working on.The individual can start to have more days off sick which could cause other staff members to add to their workload in taking on those individuals cases. Stress can also cause the individual t o lose direction and focus in the cases they work on and this can result in a reduced quality of service for those special(a) families. Stress in the work place can be identified early and then reduced by regular supervision.Supervision gives the individual a chance to discuss their cases and anything that might be causing them to tactile sensation stressed. Supervisors are then able to help supervisees in managing there stress before it gets to the point where it affects all that they do. Staff meetings are another hazard to get together on a regular basis with other team members as its a chance for everyone to discuss their working billet as well as any difficult cases they may have.This gives a chance for positive reinforcement by the manager on the work that is being done and also a chance to brainstorm ideas that might help with the work. 17 Explain in a short paragraph how the Social cast of disability affects children and their famili es which you work. The social model of disability says that people are disabled not by their impairment, but by society that does not take handbill of their needs and prevents them from having full access to society due to physical, communication and social barriers. A large majority of the families that I work with fall into the category of being disabled by society.Those families that are most disadvantaged are those living in poverty. Families face multiple stresses which can affect a childs needs. If a parent struggles to provide an adequate environment for a child this will impact on the childs developments and the parents potentiality to care for the child. CHILD A CHILD B No dependence on social security benefits Household receives multiple enefits Two parent family sensation adult household Three or fewer children Four or more children White Mixed ethnic origin Owner occupied radical Council or priva tely rented home More room than people One or more persons per room 18a/b See 8a above. 18d Using Lincolnshire County Councils Competency framework, explain how you would assist a member of your team to develop skills in risk management with regards to child protection. You need to be specific to an individual ability. Using competency number 8 Analysis and Judgement. I would be able to assist the member of staff in the above question. As part of the competency it requires the individual to look closely at the work they do and how it could be improved. Part of this is through having a broad range of information about an issue. In this particular instance it would be child protection. This could be done in-house through regular supervision. This can be through asking the individual to research up to date information and then having a question answer session on the information they have found.This shows that the indivual has done what is requested and demonstrates that they have an understanding of the subject that they would then be able to take into their work practice. Another useful development skill would be to assign the individual to a child protection case that was held by a social worker. The indivual would gain insight into the process of how child protection is identified and then managed. This hands on approach would give treasured knowledge and development without risk to the family involved. Finally a child protection training course would be beneficial to the individual to again further develop there knowledge of the subject. 19 What impact does placement disruption potentially have on the wellbeing of Children In Public Care.You should relate your answer the recent Government paper Care Matters Most children who end up in care experience multiple moves. It is standard that three or more moves constitutes as placement stability. Child development theories say that repeated movements jeopardize the opportunity for children to develop secure attachments with carers and trusting relationships with adults. Children with behaviour problems, prior instability and the age of the child at placement have all been found to be important factors in placement instability. 24 List 3 types of evidence that would be validated in court. Explain your rational behind each one. 1) Video Evidence- For children 14years and under. Also for children classed as a vulnerable witness.Video evidence reduces the need for a child to be in court and to be face to face with the perpetrator. 2) Court reports These are factual based evidence which follow a mandatory road map for completing. 3) Records Records are an essential source of evidence for investigations and inquirys, and may also be used in court proceedings. Therefore it is essential that any records on a child are clear and accurate and ensure tha t there is a documented account of an agencys or professionals involvement with a child and/or a family. 25 Provide three examples of recording information that might be deemed discriminatory and explain why, in at least one of these examples, the discrimination might pass without comment. 1) The child is missing from the record This doesnt mean that the child hasnt been mentioned at all, but that their wishes and feelings, their views and understanding of their situation, are not recorded. The absence of a child from the record suggests to the reader that no work has been done with the child, or that the child has not been involved in any work. 2) Facts and opinions are not differentiated Failing to differentiate between fact and opinions can result in the significance of some information being overlooked, or opinions becoming accepted as facts and which could influence the management of the case.If opinions and judgements are not substantiated i n the record it can be difficult to explain how these were made to family members who access the records especially if the case holder who wrote them is no longer working within the agency. 3) The record is not written for sharing. This account must (except in the case of responses to questions) be authenticated by at least one of the following Work products seen List Witnessed by Name Sign Expert admit on witness list Y/N I patronise the authenticity of the Signature of Candidate work above DATE 31. 03. 08 I confirm the judgements claimed Signature of Assessor TICK IF OBSERVED above DATE EV 5

Communication Cycle Health and Social Care

P2 Theories of communication -The communication beat Effective communication involves a both- manner accomplish in which each person tries to pick up the viewpoint of the otherwise person. According to Argyle, skilled interpersonal interaction (social skills) involves a cycle in which you have to provide or trace what other people be communicating and constantly adapt your own. Communication is a cycle beca uptake when two people announce they need to temper that their ideas have been understood.An example of darling communication involves the process of checking understanding, using reflective or active listening. Argyles arranges of the communication cycle were an idea occurs, content coded, inwardness sent, message authorized, message decoded, message understood. communicatory and non-verbal communication is not al way of lifes straightforward. The communication cycle involves a kind of code that has to be translated. There ar 5 stages in the communication cycl e which are 1. Idea occurs this is the stage when an someone thinks what he is passage to say and who to. 2. centre coded this is the way that an individual puts his thoughts to seizeher with the way he is loss to choke, putting the thoughts into quarrel or into some other code such as sign language. 3. meaning sent this is stage is when an individual speaks or sign what they are going to say, in few words is the way the message is sent. 4. Message received this is where the person you are speaking to has listened to what you verbalise and they have to sense the message by hearing or watching. 5. Message decoded The receiver has to understand the message that the sender has just sent.This could be misunderstood slow by interpreting words other than or they might make assumptions some your body language as well as words. 6. Message understood at this stage the message should be understood plainly it does not always happen at the depression time, and if so the cycle needs to pop off all over again. With disclose just each one of these stages the cycle would not work. An example of a difficult perplexuation is when your service user tells you they are in bruise, but cant secernate the pain they are in.This is difficult because you need to understand what the pain is and what the source of the pain is so that you can resolve the pain and provide a diagnosis, so if they cant describe the pain you are unable to do so. You can be gestateing straightforward questions which may help you understand what flesh of pain they are suffering, also by feeling where they claim the problem is and you can see from their reaction if it is painful, but not inflicting too much pain upon them. Using the communication cycle effectively testament help. M1 How communication cycle may be used to communicate sensitive issues. Ideas occur the support result dispirit thinking on how communicate to the wife and that she is going to be the one to tell her. She willi ng ask herself what could be the best way to communicate and when and where she needs to communicate or so the husbands condition. This promotes effective communication. * Message coded the nurse has thought about the ideas and has unionized her thoughts she knows exactly what she is going to say. She has to think about the voice tonality she should use in order to prevent the wife thinking the nurse is not daunted about the loss.Body language plays an important fibre and could show that the nurse cares about the situation. The nurse will obtain thinking about the language she is going to use and ask herself what the wife already knows about it e. g. the husband is ill. The nurse will engender the wife through with(predicate) to a private room where its only them two by doing this the wife should know that the nurse is going to tell her something terrible, the seating would be a barrier if the seats are too far past from each other the nurse should sit close to the wife. * Me ssage sent the nurse has now told the wife about her husband.She has used the communication cycle to encode the information correctly and therefore, said something bid Im afraid that your husband passed away stretch out night in his sleep, we did everything we could to save him, were sorry, rather than something like Your husband died last night,. The first of which is a correct way of putting it, and the second way is a much more insensitive way of saying it. * Message received now the wife has to sense the message the nurse has just sent her by hearing the words or looking at the body language. Message decoded the wife now needs to decode the message or to interpret it. She has to observe the body language and the way the message is expressed by the nurse. * Message understood at this stage the uncomplaining should have understood the message by the nurse should but this does not always happen at the first time and this can be set from the wifes reaction and behavior. If this does not happen the cycle needs to start all over again. P2 theories of communication/ M1 how communication cycle may be used to communicate sensitive issues. Tuckmans cycle In 1965, Bruce Tuckman, an educational psychologist, suggested that most groups go through quartette stages in group interactionas and described them as Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing. He did this after he had observed many small groups in various environments and concluded that all groups went through certain stages before they became optimally effective. hear of stage Description of stage and scenario Forming The first stage is forming this is an important stage because the forming of the team takes place.This stage is also called ice-breaking because it is a stage where all the team members get to know each other and become friendly, they are unsure about who everybody is and what their roles are. The individuals behavior is dictated by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avert controve rsy or conflict. The psychologist, doctor and surgeon should meet and discuss about the situation, share informations concerns and questions. Storming The second stage is storming at this stage the individual start to show their real feelings and their personalities too.This is because they start to relax and be comfortable around others in their group. besides others in the group may start to have conflict were they have different opinions about ideas, and they dont agree on others, relationships between members will be do or broken and some may never recover. In extreme cases the team can become stuck in the Storming phaseThe professionals starts questioning themselves what their role and duties in the group are or what they are responsible for(p) for. Each professional hould say what their solution is and how long it will take, followed by the risk that will come with it. This is a stage where patience is fundamental as there will be disagreements and they will avoid listeni ng to each other this is the reason why it will take time. Norming As the team moves out from the storming phase they enter the third stage which is norming this is when the group starts working as a team after having had their arguments and they start to trust themselves as they accept the decisive contribution of each member of the team.The team members know each other better, they may be socializing together, and they are able to ask each other for help. At this stage they all should bring the ideas together and reach a conclusion on what they are going to do. They start working as a team and must agree with the decisions made, and if they do not agree they should at least follow the team to avoid the time being wasted. They need to take in consideration how dangerous the procedure will be. Performing This is the last stage. Many groups never reach the perform stage. Everyone knows each other well plentiful to be able to work together, and trusts each other enough to allow ind ependent activity. There is a extravagantly level of accepting others, listening to others, and fate others. Performance is delivered through people working effectively together. The team has come to a conclusion and their plan will be applied soon. A timeline needs to be made Communication Cycle Health and Social CareP2 Theories of communication -The communication cycle Effective communication involves a two-way process in which each person tries to understand the viewpoint of the other person. According to Argyle, skilled interpersonal interaction (social skills) involves a cycle in which you have to translate or decode what other people are communicating and constantly adapt your own. Communication is a cycle because when two people communicate they need to check that their ideas have been understood.An example of good communication involves the process of checking understanding, using reflective or active listening. Argyles stages of the communication cycle were an idea occur s, message coded, message sent, message received, message decoded, message understood. Verbal and non-verbal communication is not always straightforward. The communication cycle involves a kind of code that has to be translated. There are 5 stages in the communication cycle which are 1. Idea occurs this is the stage when an individual thinks what he is going to say and who to. 2.Message coded this is the way that an individual puts his thoughts together with the way he is going to communicate, putting the thoughts into language or into some other code such as sign language. 3. Message sent this is stage is when an individual speaks or sign what they are going to say, in few words is the way the message is sent. 4. Message received this is where the person you are speaking to has listened to what you said and they have to sense the message by hearing or watching. 5. Message decoded The receiver has to understand the message that the sender has just sent.This could be misunderstood ea sily by interpreting words differently or they might make assumptions about your body language as well as words. 6. Message understood at this stage the message should be understood but it does not always happen at the first time, and if so the cycle needs to start all over again. Without just any one of these stages the cycle would not work. An example of a difficult situation is when your service user tells you they are in pain, but cant describe the pain they are in.This is difficult because you need to understand what the pain is and what the source of the pain is so that you can resolve the pain and provide a diagnosis, so if they cant describe the pain you are unable to do so. You can be asking simple questions which may help you understand what sort of pain they are suffering, also by feeling where they claim the problem is and you can see from their reaction if it is painful, but not inflicting too much pain upon them. Using the communication cycle effectively will help. M1 How communication cycle may be used to communicate sensitive issues. Ideas occur the nurse will start thinking on how communicate to the wife and that she is going to be the one to tell her. She will ask herself what could be the best way to communicate and when and where she needs to communicate about the husbands condition. This promotes effective communication. * Message coded the nurse has thought about the ideas and has organized her thoughts she knows exactly what she is going to say. She has to think about the voice tonality she should use in order to prevent the wife thinking the nurse is not bothered about the loss.Body language plays an important role and could show that the nurse cares about the situation. The nurse will start thinking about the language she is going to use and ask herself what the wife already knows about it e. g. the husband is ill. The nurse will take the wife through to a private room where its only them two by doing this the wife should know that the nurse is going to tell her something terrible, the seating would be a barrier if the seats are too far away from each other the nurse should sit close to the wife. * Message sent the nurse has now told the wife about her husband.She has used the communication cycle to encode the information correctly and therefore, said something like Im afraid that your husband passed away last night in his sleep, we did everything we could to save him, were sorry, rather than something like Your husband died last night,. The first of which is a correct way of putting it, and the second way is a much more insensitive way of saying it. * Message received now the wife has to sense the message the nurse has just sent her by hearing the words or looking at the body language. Message decoded the wife now needs to decode the message or to interpret it. She has to observe the body language and the way the message is expressed by the nurse. * Message understood at this stage the patient should have unders tood the message by the nurse should but this does not always happen at the first time and this can be identified from the wifes reaction and behavior. If this does not happen the cycle needs to start all over again. P2 theories of communication/ M1 how communication cycle may be used to communicate sensitive issues. Tuckmans cycle In 1965, Bruce Tuckman, an educational psychologist, suggested that most groups go through four stages in group interactionas and described them as Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing. He did this after he had observed many small groups in various environments and concluded that all groups went through certain stages before they became optimally effective. Name of stage Description of stage and scenario Forming The first stage is forming this is an important stage because the forming of the team takes place.This stage is also called ice-breaking because it is a stage where all the team members get to know each other and become friendly, they are un sure about who everybody is and what their roles are. The individuals behavior is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. The psychologist, doctor and surgeon should meet and discuss about the situation, sharing informations concerns and questions. Storming The second stage is storming at this stage the individual start to show their real feelings and their personalities too.This is because they start to relax and be comfortable around others in their group. Also others in the group may start to have conflict were they have different opinions about ideas, and they dont agree on others, relationships between members will be made or broken and some may never recover. In extreme cases the team can become stuck in the Storming phaseThe professionals starts questioning themselves what their role and duties in the group are or what they are responsible for. Each professional hould say what their solution is and how long it will take, followed b y the risk that will come with it. This is a stage where patience is fundamental as there will be disagreements and they will avoid listening to each other this is the reason why it will take time. Norming As the team moves out from the storming phase they enter the third stage which is norming this is when the group starts working as a team after having had their arguments and they start to trust themselves as they accept the vital contribution of each member of the team.The team members know each other better, they may be socializing together, and they are able to ask each other for help. At this stage they all should bring the ideas together and reach a conclusion on what they are going to do. They start working as a team and must agree with the decisions made, and if they do not agree they should at least follow the team to avoid the time being wasted. They need to take in consideration how dangerous the procedure will be. Performing This is the last stage. Many groups never re ach the performing stage. Everyone knows each other well enough to be able to work together, and trusts each other enough to allow independent activity. There is a high level of accepting others, listening to others, and helping others. Performance is delivered through people working effectively together. The team has come to a conclusion and their plan will be applied soon. A timeline needs to be made

Lord of the Flies †Darkness of a Man’s Heart Essay

Origin eithery published in 1954, William Goldings _Lord of the Flies_ has become one of the classics of coetaneous literature. The novel is about a group of young boys stranded alone on an island and left to fend for themselves. In an attempt to model their previous military personnel without the influence of adults, the order that had once existed soon decays and is replaced by the chaos that destroys their ordered and civilised cultures. Though fictional, _Lord of the Flies_ deals with deep moral questions of how hu compositions are essentially uncivilised in their most primitive state. Golding conveys his idea of the darkness of a mans heart successfully through effective expend of allegory, symbolism, and his perception of a dystopian caller._Lord of the Flies_ can be viewed as a political allegory of the Cold War. Golding served in the Royal Navy and recalling later his war experiences, he remarked that man produces evil, as a bee produces honey. The Cold War was a struggl e between two super power ideologies Democracy and Communism, signified by Ralph and Jack respectively. pricy the close of the novel, the boys are rescued by a marine commander who came ashore in his boat whilst the boys were playing savages. The irony is that after he brings the boys home, the naval commander will return to sea and engage in a far larger game of violence called war.Thus, Golding makes a point that the island is a microcosmic representation of the conflict between democracy and communism in the war. When the boys are number 1 deserted on the island, they behave like children, alternating between enjoying their exemption and expressing profound homesickness and fear. By the end of the novel, however, they mirror the warlike behaviour of the Home Counties, attacking, torturing and murdering one another without hesitation or regret due to the neediness of government and order. Ralph weeps for the end of innocence and the darkness of a mans heart (p 248) upon reunif ication with the real world and realisation that evil lurks within all human beings.Symbolism plays a major role in _Lord of the Flies_. Through the rich use of symbolism, Golding reveals that humans detached from societys rules allow themselves to be dominated by the evil within them. The Lord of the Flies and the Beast are two major symbols that enforce the Goldings idea of the darkness in a mans heart. They are not really physical characters, but rather the evil in every human being.Simon is the first one on the island to realise and thus makes a proposal. What I mean ismaybe its only us. (p 111)Simon speaks these words in Chapter 5, during the meeting in which the boys plow the existence of the skirt chaser. Although the other boys laugh off Simons suggestion that the beast may be only us, Simons words are interchange to Goldings point that innate human evil exists.Simons idea of the darkness of a mans heart is reinforced in Chapter 8, when he confronts the Lord of the Flies. There isnt anyone to help you. Only me. And Im he Beast. (p 177) These words spoken by the Lord of the Flies confirm Simons speculation that perhaps the beast is only the boys themselves and acknowledges that it exists in all human beings. This is backed up further with The Lord of the Flies adoption of the boys rather conversational language, Im the reason why its no go? (p 177) As the story progresses, the boys begin to worship the beast and make offerings to it. The appreciation for the beast is paralleled by the amount of savagery in the group. Through the use of symbolism, Golding successfully illustrates his theme of natural savagery within humans.The concept of a dystopian society can be seen clearly through _Lord of the Flies._ Golding sees moral behaviour as something that civilisation forces upon the individual rather than being a natural element. The novel implies that the understanding of savagery is far more primal and fundamental to human beings than the instinct of civilisation.The impression of a dystopian society within _Lord of the Flies_ is enhanced by Goldings rich and dark writing style.During the early chapters of the novel, the setting was depicted as almost a utopia, Ralph stood, one hand against a grey trunk, and screwed up his eye against the shimmering water (p 14), yet however is juxtaposed with dystopian qualities, Behind this was the darkness of the forest proper and the open space of the scar. This creates a sense offoreshadowing which in conclusion leads on to the corruption and deterioration of the boys civilisation. With the absence of civilisation, the boys are left to fend on their own with minimal resources andtherefore naturally reverting cruelty, savagery, and barbarism._Lord of the Flies_ still holds relevance to readers in this day as it addresses issues regarding the human condition and society. These issues will be as relevant today as they were hundreds of years ago and will still be relevant in the future. As for allegory, the novel represents the differences in political systems, systems that are still part of our lives today. If we scrape off the cover of civilisation, we are all beasts within.Through use of allegory, symbolism and a concept of dystopia, Golding conveys that the absence of a civilisation is able to reduce humanity to a natural state of barbarism.In conclusion, _Lord of the Flies_ thoroughly explores the darkness of a mans heart.

How the Watergate Scandal Changed Journalism Essay

Journalism has been an essential factor in making communication and teaching-sharing easy among state. It has been serving the purpose of delivering facts active anything of sake to the public. It is also the effective means consumption by the government in delivering essential recents, policies, programs, and concerns, among others to the general public.Consequently, it has bridged the gap between the government and the public. Through journalism, information round things and events has been delivered to other people despite physical and physiological hindrances. neverthelessmore, it increases the awareness and versatility of the public with regard to public issues.In the early history of journalism, journalists are governed by virtue and are controlled by the government. Likewise, the contents of the materials are screened before it is released in the public. In addition, journalist is tasked to deliver only facts. However, through time, the extent of the influence of journ alism has gravel encompassing.The role of journalist in the society has also increased overtime. Remarkably, in the popularly known Watergate Scandal, a new concept of journalism emerged. A new responsibility has been formed by the brevity of the news reporters of the Washington Post. From merely presenting facts, a journalist has g whizz to the extent of delivering their own opinion on a particular issue. Above all, journalism has amaze a critic of public figures.In the Watergate Scandal, journalism has been the influential means that moved the most powerful psyche to resign. Journalism was not merely focused on delivering news but has also adopted an investigative method of reporting. More importantly, journalism has eventually become a watchdog of any illegalities performed by the government officials. Hence, Watergate Scandal has remarkably become seminal in the development of journalism.History of JournalismThe emergence of journalism can be traced back in the 1st century B . C. in ancient Rome through the Acta Diurna or Daily Events (Castro, n. p.). During that time, Julius Cesar ordered the posting of a handwritten news bulletins in the public spaces (Castro, n. p.). In the 750 A.D., China initiated the distribution of news bulletin (Castro, n. p.). Eventually, in the mid 15th century, the distribution of news and dissemination of information was made easier through the creation of movable metal type printer. Thus, it can be observed that in the early days, journalism was merely used by the government to disseminate information to the public.As part of the development in journalism, the purpose, extent, content, and forms of journalism has changed. Newsletters and books were introduced in some other parts of the world. On one hand, opinions of several writers were now incorporated in journalism. Journalism was found as possible means of influencing others by laying down opinions on particular issues in print. Politicians, on the other hand, discover ed the enormous potential of journalism in reaching their voters and in sharing their insights and platforms. It can be observed that the development in journalism in the early days was rapid.Through the extent and influence of journalism in creating public policy and in widening public opinions, the threat was perceived. Besides, several laws possibly limiting the use of journalism have been enacted. One of the laws is libel. This was due to the danger and injury that may be created by irresponsible use of journalism. Remarkably, in America, the producer of the first newspaper, Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, imprisoned and the publication was suppressed (Castro, n. p.). Several other publications were deterred from being published and many other journalist, news reporters, editors, and publishers were imprisoned. During those days, the fight for press freedom was prevalent.The Watergate ScandalIn the early days, politicians are being criticized and are associated with many scandals. The electric chair, most especially, is very openly attacked by the media and the press because of the do and the public trust involved. In the American setting, the unforgettable attack by journalism on the president is the Watergate Scandal because it is the very first time in history that a president resigned from his powerful office.The Watergate issue is primarily a political scandal, which challenged the Constitution. The Watergate scandal pertains to the breaking-in of President Nixons men at the offices of the Democratic interior(a) Committee and the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg (Berman 1329). The breaking-in was made in accordance with the order of President Nixon and his aide in order to search materials in the possession of party lead Lawrence OBrein (Berman 1329). Unfortunately, the men making the searches were arrested by the Washington Police Department (Berman 1329). The arrest of Nixons men, however, did not lead to his conviction.Further i nvestigations led to the discovery of the illegal activities in the Oval office where President Nixon and his aides meet. The conversations were recorded. The president and his aide also tried to cover up the Watergate mess by coordinating with CIA and FBI. Further investigation showed that money laundering was involved in funding the Watergate scandal. In order for these activities to remain undiscovered, the president and his aide paid the people having involvement for their silence.However, a particular Deep Throat met with the young reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, of Washington Post and spilled the beans about the illegal activities of the President (Kobrak 71). The courageous revelation by the young reporters about the Watergate Scandal has shocked the nation and the journalism world. The exposure also of the scandal has led to the vigilant investigation of the judiciary and the Congress that eventually led to the composure of the president. Meanwhile, it was calle d Watergate Scandal to pertain to the place where the break-in was made and where everything originated.The Importance of the SourceIn journalism, the start is an important factor in presenting credible news. Notably, journalists do not always have the necessary information on particular things, events, or people. But through sources, journalist can have unlimited access to an fire issue, person, thing, or event, and others.In the Watergate Scandal, the young reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, would have not known about the irregular activities of the Presidents men if not for the effort of a person known only as Deep Throat. Historically, the identity of Deep Throat was never revealed even after the resignation of the President Nixon. Meanwhile, in whitethorn 31, 2005, former FBI Deputy Director Mark Felt finally came out of the open and to reveal that he was the controversial Deep Throat (Streissguth 52).In the employment of journalism, the credibility of the source sh ould be established. It is noteworthy that the quality of the reporting and the reports is the controlling aspect that invites peoples attention and the veracity of the news or information delivered. In addition, the readers look into the quality through the veracity of the facts and the truth presented.Remarkably, in the Watergate scandal, the source of Woodward and Bernstein hid his identity under an alias. Despite the pressure that Woodward and Bernstein received from different sectors, they never revealed their source as a means of protecting their source. In addition, there were strong denials and threats from the administration but the public believed the news journalist rather than the president and his men.Interestingly, the anonymous identity of the source was not a factor that hindered the revelation of the truth about the burglary and wire tapping activities of the Presidents men. Instead, the information provided stirred the peoples anger against the administration that eventually led to the resignation of the President and the imprisonment of the Presidents men. Hence, it can be observed that the identity of the source during those times was not a serious matter and did not affect the reliability and veracity of the news.

Comparing Ancient and Classical Art Essay

Ancient and classical art comes in all unlike shapes and sizes of ocular experience. In this paper we explore into the making and design of devil unique architectural go onings, Stonehenge and The Great Stupa at Sanchi. These two fascinating buildings were built in different eras from BCE to CE and yet have umteen similarities, and as well carry distinct differences between the cultural values and the purpose they were intended. This paper leave in like manner focus on the areas region and the functions these two artifacts carry in our culture in the present day.The Stonehenge is located in Wiltshire, England. The Stonehenge is do up of many different size stones. The heal stone alone is 16ft tall, weighing 35 tons. When the sun sets, this stone casts a shadow towards the briny synchronous converter of stones. There are two smaller stones known as the Avenue, which are lined up and these also cast a shadow in the direction of the circle. There are 2 stones that follow the Ave nue, that stand next to each other, almost like an entrance to the outer circle of stones. The two stones are known as the slaughter stone. The slaughter stones were believed to be a place of human sacrifice. The main circle of stones are known as The Sarsen Circle.These stones are set in a circle and supported by tenon joints. The circles of stones are also circled by the outer bank, which is a 330ft in diam and is the oldest construction in the area. In the middle of the circle consists of five trilithons. These stand 22ft above ground and are 8ft below ground level. The weight of these stones is 50 tons. In the inner circle is also the Altar Stone, this is made of smooth, green sand stone, which is known as one of the most recognizable stones at Stonehenge. The main circle of stones, have smaller stones inside, which also form an inner circle and these are known as Bluestone Circle. The Stonehenge was believe to be built in 2750-1500 BCE.The stupa sits on a hilltop in central In dia. The stupa consists of four gateways and each gateway has decorations that tell a story in regards to the life of Buddha. The shape of the stupa is bean plant shaped and is surrounded by a fence to limit distractions during the meditation period. The dome has an f number and lower pathway. The lower path represents the path of life and the upper representing enlightenment. The top of the dome has an umbrella, which is a tower of three discs, smaller at the top and bigger at the bottom.All three discs represent something different, from top to bottom, Buddha, his teachings and the partnership of Buddhist. The Stupa was built over cd years, but most of its completion was in 15CE. The Stonehenge World Heritage spans ten miles around the famous site of Stonehenge. The region is also known as the Salisbury Plains as the location is grassy and flat. This Neolithic artwork in the United Kingdom is a famous destination for many individuals around the world.Unlike the region in which Stonehenge is located, the Great Stupa at Sanchi rests upon a hilltop in central India. Sanchi, which stands for small village is located in the Raisen district of the Madhya Pradesh (Sanchi City Travel Guide, n.d.). The surroundings of the Stupa is calm and restful and it is surrounded by hills, trees, and other types of vegetation. Many individuals appease visit this religious site along with other temples and stupas located in this region.Scientists believe that it took over 600 individuals to create the famous Stonehenge monuments. This was because some of the rocks weighted some 50 tons. Great teamwork by the Neolithic deal of Britain is attributed to the creation of Stonehenge.The great emperor Ashoka of Maurya is the creator of the Great Stupa at Sanchi although this site was rediscovered in 1818 by a British officer. It was then that the site was reconstructed to the check into that is in today. It is believed that that Ashoka created this and many other stupa in the ar ea to divide relics of Buddha after his passing (Stupa, 2013). Their designs are circular, which is the first thing that viewers notice. With the huge stones used to build the Stonehenge and the complexity of The GreatStupa at Sanchi, it definitely would have taken teamwork to get the jobs done. As the Closer come across states, The stupa was built over a period of 400 years (Closer look n.d.) and the Stonehenge took hundreds of piles cooperation to build. These many groups of people in all likelihood valued socialism and teamwork in their cultures. With their hard work they completed something bigger than themselves which probably made the activity that more valuable and special.The Closer look suggests that the Stonehenge was a burial ground due to the discoveries of human remains. According to Mike Parker-Pearson, Villagers would have transported their inanimate down an avenue leading to the River Avon, then journeyed downstream, in a ritual symbolizing the passage to the aft erlife, finally arriving at an avenue leading up to Stonehenge from the river. (Closer Look n.d.) As for The Great Stupa at Sanchi, it represented Buddhas life and was also a place for meditation. The Stonehenge and The Great Stupa at Sanchi have one obvious likeness they both are made of stone and they took many of years to complete. These two works of art are very different from one another. The Stonehenge purpose is undiscovered still to this day. There are guesses and assumptions but there is no known fact about what it was used for. The Great Stupa at Sanchi was used for meditation purposes and where pilgrims would sieve to achieve harmony with Buddha and his life path.The Stonehenge was seen a great place to socialize but on the other hand, The Great Stupa at Sanchi was used by people to be peaceful, quiet, and calm. This great place is a relic of Buddha, and is used to worship him, as well as other Buddhist Gods. These two historical places, computer architecture could not be any more different. The Stonehenge is made of many separate stone setups that make up a circle and The Great Stupa at Sanchi is a dome shape to represent the earth. These two works of art, Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Stonehenge, both still have a function in todays culture. They both are not physically used by everyone like they once were, but people are still able to see them in person. They are now tourist attractions which help others understand what they are, how they were, utilized, and more about each culture in that era.In conclusion, when we compare the architectural values and the visual description of each artwork, we find that they both hold a special meaning to the time and era of itsmaking. It can range from religious interpretation to the never ending mysteries that these attractions hold. It is all in the eye of the beholder. Whatever their original designs were meant for, whether it is human sacrifice or to leave a piece of art that would last through with(pre dicate) the ages, it is undoubtedly part of the power that ancient and classical art hold. So knowing the designer, the builders, and geographic locations of these pieces all play a part in their signature, it still leaves the world debating on whether it is even human design or that of a much more advanced race.ReferencesCloser look. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//closerlook.pearsoncmg.com/view.php?type=closerlook&id=653Sanchi City Travel Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.hoparoundindia.com/madhya-pradesh/city-guides/sanchi.aspxStupa. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.ancient.eu/stupa/ University of Phoenix.(2010). A World of Art, Ch.17. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,ARTS230 website.

Literatur review

Correspondence to this article should be addressed to Christian Magallon, Depart handst of Psychology, University of California, Merced, CA 95348. Email emailprotected edu Abstract In the contemporary world, inequality ming take with mannishs and females in the turn infinite is becoming a critical issue. This has been often considered a part of our sometime(prenominal) and yet now in modern times hands and women atomic number 18 entering into the body of work in equal numbers besides women still face gender discrimination in their occupations, especially in managerial positions.There be certain limitations and restrictions that women encounter while in workplace. There is a habitual idea that people firmly believe, hat women are not sufficient for upper division positions because they do not affirm the characteristics desirable for those positions. It is very important to understand the basic biases and factors which are deterring women from reaching their goals and cre ating inequality in a male dominated workplace. The main factors affecting gender inequality in the workplace which have been studied here are leading, force out and perceptions.Keywords gender bias, knowledgeable discrimination, workplace segregation Fiction This look for seeks to support the fictive notion that gender equality exist oday and gender biases are a thing of the past regardless(prenominal) of current efforts to create equality among genders in the workplace. To increase understanding of factors affecting women this account focuses on leadership, power, and perceptions. Throughout history there has been a argue for equality. The suffrage movement and later affirmative action were efforts to increase equality among genders.As the economy of the nation transmuted to a more industrialized one it demanded more workers. tour custody were at war, the demand of workers needed for war production increased. Women decided to do their part to help with the war efforts t aking oer the Jobs left by men. This was a huge step for women, and the realizing of womens potential in the workforce. Women were now becoming more and more present in the workforce, diversifying the population of employees. The introduction of women brought with it youthful theories finished research, assessing and further supporting the existence of inequality for women in the workforce.To further assess and support the existent inequality betwixt men and women research was obtained through a search on the University of California, Merceds library data base. Over 278 studies preceded using key descriptive words women, power, perceptions, and leadership. Studies found support the differences inwardly gender and the workplace. Looking in detail at studies like Roos and Brook (1981) that assessed data from the 1974-1977 that showed that women have a large earning opening compared to men due to sex segregated characteristics at an occupational level.The research showed, women mo stly work at low paying Jobs and they are less likely to exercise authority in those jobs. In a related excogitate on economics, Mano-Negrin (2004), showed a epochal ncrease in participation of women in the tug market without a parallel decrease of gender wage gaps. Adler (1994) research results showed that men hold higher position, higher supervisory, and authority compared to women. Women have less access to power and authority at work. Policymakers and supervisor make equal rules for them provided women exercise less power than men.Aviolio (2009) results showed a significant difference in the effect sizes for leadership interventions conducted with all-male and majority-male participants versus all-female and majority-female participant studies. Bosak (2008) showed in their discipline that women perceive themselves less suitable for high positions because the perceive notion that they do not associated with masculine characteristics of men. Research has served as evidence f or change. Major developments include formation of new associations and legislations.The Association for Womens Rights in Development purpose is to strengthen movements that advance womens rights and promote gender equality worldwide (AWID). The Equal Pay Act was signed into law by death chair John F. Kennedy in 1963 (EEOC). The Equal Pay Act was a law against reduction of wages that iscriminates due to sex. President Kennedy emphasized Adds to our laws another enter the campaign force they will find equality in their pay envelope. (EEOC) However, regardless of efforts it is clear that subtle biases of gender still contribute to withdraw against women in the workplace especially in male dominated workforce.Existential biases affect the prevalence of women in leadership, Job performance, and male dominated careers. It is important to understand underlying biases and factors in the work place that may hinder woman from reaching a state of equality among men in the workforce. Facto rs studied across genders in the workplace leadership, power, and perceptions. leaders and Power Let us first observe the two omnipresent notions that are leadership and power. It has long been understood and accepted albeit bias, that leadership and power are traits commonly associated with the male sex. overly, positions of power and of authority are linked to such widely distributedizations. For example, this can be seen in the workplace where women are often segregated into professions that in the end reduce the possibility of exercising autonomy and supervisory authority Oaffee, 1989). We see time and time again that women, when being considered for a position are fount to a bias comparison that subjugates their attempts at equality and fair judgment. The majority of the time the employers that are doing the considering prefer masculine gender characteristics to feminine characteristics (Goktepe & Craig, 1989).In their study, Goktepe and Craig found that social attractiven ess and sex role orientation are both associated with the emergent candidate for the position. In this, we can see that it is of the utmost importance to understand what influences he emergence of a leader and note any difference between genders. So persistent is this notion of a gender bias that even women themselves cannot go acknowledging it and even falling susceptible to its ideas.We see this recurring problem in several common patterns, one being that of women feeling vulnerable and out of place because they have no female role model in a position of power to revere. This lack of stimuli results in a reduction in chances of women to rent on a leadership role (Carbonell & Castro, 2008). In Carbonell and Castros study we see when confronted with a female leader model, for more than half the time women ake the leadership position, but when faced with a male leadership model the results are underwhelming.And, the men in that study felt indifference when faced with either model, signifying a common acceptance of male superiority or dominance. Other studies have also supported this disparity of ideas concerning the similarity between women and managers. In a study conducted by Brenner , Tomkiewicz and Schein (1989), we observe that men perceive successful middle managers as having those characteristics, attitudes, and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general.Although the omen in this study Judged both male and female characteristics equally viable, it was only a function of change in the perception of women in general rather than a change in the perceived requirements for managerial success or even any perceptions of men in general. In other words, what has been perceived as approved managerial characteristics in the past has not changed. What has changed is how forward in positive and equally thinking is in truth very misleading.Yes behaviors have changed but sadly male managers still hold onto their original attitudes which involve a skewed sense of what the proper qualifications may be. It seems that blind ignorance may also affect aspects of occupational labor in the workplace. In the study by Cann and Siegfried (1990), there is a strong indication that the behaviors people recognized as indicators of a successful leader include those that are viewed as feminine. Leaders must be behaviorally androgynous, they must have the flexibility to exhibit both male and female characteristics.Thus, effective leaders are those that can appease an assortment of demands, and yet we witness the constant reminder of a societal gender bias implicating female characteristics as weaker and even less desirable. One can only wonder wherefore some choose to ignore a possible fine addition to a firm because of a commonly held notion of gender superiority. Presumed notions of gender superiority in leadership qualities can easily be ascertained from many studies that have been conducted in the past, involving commonly held societal beliefs.But, these same bias notions of leadership qualities can be enhanced by certain workplace organizational climates. The atmosphere in which business involving the hiring of prospective employees or any upper level position is conducted, can be greatly affected by the pressures that are applied during that time. In a study done by Katz (1987), when put into a discriminatory setting the test subjects preferred to hire males. In the same study test subjects were put into a nondiscriminatory setting and the results proved to be quite interesting, the preference levels were almost equal between male and female candidates.From this information we can gather that a significant catalyst for discriminatory thinking is in part caused by the organizational climate that someone is in. Currently, sexual discrimination and gender bias in the workplace is alive and well. It is a widespread problem that is inhibiting many womens rights and allowing or an unfair advantage for the opposite sex. Most of todays research concerning this notion is focused on canvas the debilitating effects that negative stereotypes have on the targets of said stereotypes (Hoyt & Blalscovich, 2007).In order to move forward and overcome this bias and discrimination we must discover new avenues in which to employ a politically correct attitude towards those singles of the fairer sex. Perceptions Understanding perceptions of society, focusing on perceptions of women in the workplace, helps increase understanding of the existent gap between genders at work. There are many factors that may contribute to the differentiation in treatment and appointment to leadership between genders in the workplace. Trentham, and Larwood (1998), examined the effects of power and willingness to discriminate in the workplace.Results show that people have a predisposition to discriminate against women. This study found that people in top positions of organizations had higher tendencies to discrimina te against women than people with lower positions of authority. Individuals in power affect the disposition of a person of lower status to act in a discriminating vogue often times going against own personal beliefs. The importance of this study is that biases exist against women due to perceived (1993) analyzes perceptions and attitudes of past events, and future measures implemented to reduce gap between genders in the workplace.Results show that men feel that past measures affected their careers more negatively, however both genders showed equal dissatisfaction with past measures. Men agreed with eliminating general barriers that limit advancement for women but where against preferential treatment. This clearly states that both gendrs have self-importance interest in mind. Women want help to go up the ladder, men see that as a threat, therefore isapprove. Self interest conflicts held by men may hinder women from reaching equality in the workplace.Another study that looked at pe rceptions of leadership qualities in groups of similar gender was done by Prime, Jonsen, Carter, and Maznevski (2008). This study looked at managers perceived qualities associated with leadership and gender. The study hypothesized that the qualities associated with leaders was more prominent in men than in women. Results show that in women respondents perceived women as more effective than men in planning and role modeling, providing intellectual stimulation, and problem solving. Men on the other hand attributed that men were better at delegating than female leaders.Both men and women perceived and stereotyped women leaders as being more competent in supporting. The study indicated that both genders were attributing more positive ratings to their gender than the opposing gender. This study indicates that self perceptions also affect beliefs of self and others in big businessman in the work place. Perceptions of the meaning of equality are different among individuals according to th eir self interest. Other studies examine perceptions of gender and leadership oncerns in the workplace over time.The study done by Koch, Loft, and Kruse (2005) takes a look at changes in perceptions of women in leadership. With an increase of women in leadership the study compares the amount of change in beliefs now to the beliefs held 20 years ago. Results showed a tendency for gender association that went along with social perceptions men were associated with terms hard, strong, and aggressive. Women were Judged as soft, sentimental, and delicate. Although data shows a arouse towards associating women with leadership it is not significant as the orrelation between men and leadership.Despite efforts to close the gap of inequality it still exists in positions of leadership, small shift seen of women in leadership, is not dismissed. Perceptions of femininity in leadership Johanson (2008) seeks to find if prior conceptions of leadership exist between genders in perceived conception, structure, masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and overall leadership ability. Results support the hypothesis that leadership ratings were associated with masculinity and structure the positive correlation between consideration and femininity was clearly supported.Leadership positively correlated with structure and not conception. The study indicates the importance of beliefs and associations of leadership without environment influence on perceived individual leadership style. This study proves that individuals still show a predominant belief that leadership is more fast associated with masculinity and structure than femininity and conception. Individuals overall continue to think of leadership as male oriented. For women characteristics associated with femininity are still not seen as positively affiliated with leadership characteristics.A study that demonstrates the effects of on the perceived suitability of women and men in leadership of failing or succeeding organizations. This study looks at the inequalities that women encounter when trying to advance in the workforce. The study hypothesized that women are appointed to leadership positions when risk of failure and criticism are high. Results show that in general women are preferred over male candidates. The results state that the male was selected over a female when the company performance was improving. Women where often selected as the suited individual to take a leadership position in a ompany that was declining.This study shows that there is a clear preference of men to successful companies. This may be due to perceptions and beliefs of the individuals who appoint leaders toa position. This study looked at the suitability of both men and women in a management position Ted H. Shore (1992). The study focused on the potential of performance in managerial positions by assessing cognitive ability, Job advancement, interpersonal and performance skills. Despite women rating higher than men on performance st yle dimensions, they received lower ratings in management potential.Management ratings of both genders were comparable. The study results serve as evidence of subtle gender bias within the workplace. Stating that despite higher performance rates in women the actual advancement in the Job is the same as men of lower performance rates. The study analyzes perceptions of womans interpersonal skills compared to men. Assessors deemphasized the fact that women outperformed men giving more credit in interpersonal skills. A mismatch is perceived of women and attributes associated with management due to stereotypical and perceived views of women.Finally a tudy done by Wolf, and Fligsteing (2009)looks at factors that contribute to the unequal distribution of women compared to men in positions of authority focusing on education, experience, tenure, marriage, children, that help map how and why some individuals are in positions of authority. The study looks at composition of the workplace and si tuational beliefs of employers and women in notions of authority. The study assesses factors that influence Job characteristics and allocation of male/ female in authority. The study concluded that men are given more authority than women in the workplace.The importance of this study highlights factors like traditional gender roles, personal choices, and self perceptions that affect the prevalence of women in authority. Conclusion According to McTavish and Miller (2009) there are both pros and cons to the modernization agenda. Reform and structural change have led to greater opportunities for women. Reform and modernization in organizational procedures have led to somewhat gender friendlier environments. However, there are paradoxes in the modernization agenda. It seems like women have to conform to masculinist styles of management.Many of the reforms are actually leading to re-gendering of job roles and procedures. (McTavish and Miller, 2009, p. 361-362). In the article Womens Leade rship Development Strategic Practices for Women and Organizations Hopkins, ONeil, Passarelli, and Bilimoria (2008) propose seven areas of leadership development rehearse along with recommendations in each of these categories for consultants and human resources professionals working with individual women and organizations. They state that leadership development positive outcomes at both the individual and organizational levels.They put up that esponsibility for developing the human, social, and political capital of women resides at the individual and the organizational levels. They also state that leadership development of women employees is a major business advantage to organizations. Also stressed is that principal importance must be placed on women feeling connected to the goals and objectives of the greater organization and conceptualizing a comprehensive picture of themselves as vital organizational partners. They also emphasize that consulting psychologists and human resource s professionals have an essential role in helping women and organizations.They conclude that the assembly of leadership development that appreciates and addresses womens singular contributions will result in women fulfilling their individual potential and in organizational transformation, the two principal goals of effective, sustainable leadership development.

Ap Euro Dbq

Sarmad Kako 7th period DBQ Essay The Thirty Years warfare devastated alone of europium from 1618-1648. The thirty Years war was princip entirelyy fought throughout Central Europe and twisty most of the countries in Europe. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be exposit as the main reason for the fighting. Initially, it was fought largely as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over internal politics and the balance of power within the Empire vie a significant part.A major consequence of the Thirty Years War was the devastation of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies. Famine and disease significantly decreased the population of the German states and Bohemia, the Low Countries, and Italy, and most of the hero powers were bankrupted. These statements and the thirty eld war all led to The fall of Spain, Frances aggression to win, and absolutism in France. In the two treaties of the Thirty Years War, France replaced Spain as the most powerful country in Europe. Spain was unable(p) to recover so quickly from her great losses she was not only without funds, only when without credit, incapable of some(prenominal) great effort in terms of money or man-powerHer king was old and in tentative health he had just one son, young and rather feeble Document 3, this was said by poove Louis fourteen. Louis XIV shows bias in this document by presenting the flaws and exaggerating Spains situation making it come out like Spain was going to fall and no one will be/is there to rule it. He made it seem like there was no competition, only him left.The Spanish navy was badly humbled and Portugal revolted against Spanish rule, corrupting Ferdinand II. Louis XIV aggression to win most made huge statements across Europe. King Louis XIV in document 3 along with document 5 shows tons of bias he only talks about how great France is and how they wouldnt make it without his foreseeing and support. France had many allies during the thirty years war for example, France. King Louis XIV talks about how he couldnt have won alone, but it was mainly his success. In the course of this war I flatter myself that I demonstrated what France, unaided, can earnAll of my subjects supported me to the best of their ability in the armies, by their valour, in my kingdom, by their zeal, and in foreign lands Document 5. Louis XIV was very one sided and believed France was above everyone else. In addition, France was backed by Sweden, from what you see in Document 2 Sweden soldiers thought of peasants as sub-human and believed they freely act without judgment.After the thirty years war was over, France sprung into the age of absolutism. King Louis XIV fought to eliminate Protestants and the practicing of their faith in France. King Louis XIVs ideas were always reckon and no one dared to cross judge his ideas as said in Document 7, All the eye are fixed on him alone it is to him that all the wishes are addressed he alone receives all the respects he alone is the object of all hopes Even though France had a Protestant population, Louis XIV wanted France to be pure of Protestants and their believings.The Thirtys Years war devastated all of Europe financially, economically, and politically. So great was the devastation brought about by the war that estimates put the reduction of population in theGerman states. Catholics and Protestants went to war in the Holy Roman Empire due to the power struggle that could relieve oneself on no longer. France was completely bankrupted (Document 9) and sent famine across Europe. The thirty years war all led to The fall of Spain, Frances aggression to win, and absolutism in France.

Case Study Toyota crisis Essay

Organizational Crisis negatively effect organizations name and image, as well as adversely impact employee by instilling doubt, insecurity and distrust (Tahmicioglu, 2010). Employees are forthwith make by the crisis, as they are the primary stakeholders (Obston, 2014) and brand ambassadors of the familiarity. Thus, to ensure wellbeing of employees, especially in time of catastrophe, they should be well informed and fostered under the guidance of companys leaders.Leaders at Toyota should take an neighboring(a) action start with early internal crisis communication, take accountability and show their commitment to resolving the crisis. manful (2004) suggests, being proactive and transparent lessen doubt and distress among employees. It will be beneficial if a live talk is set up with the employees. Live podcast will personalize the message, and will allow employees to directly hear compassion and empathy in the leaders voice. Establishing an active feedback loop is also very sound (Miller, 2014), an online forum on companys intranet will be a great way to help two-way dialogues between employees and executives. The forum will be pivotal in giving direct feedback to employees questions and concerns, and for systematically providing updated information. Along with starting communication, hotlines dedicated for crisis should be provided as part of employee assistance program employees should be back up to actively use the services to get professional help they need for dealing with crisis.Lack of contiguous dialogue leads to speculation (Miller, 2014), and when the magnitude of the crisis is as big as Toyotas recall, consistent media scrutiny and intricacy of negative news can further fuel anxiety and uncertainty among employees (Cole, 2011). Therefore, its imperative leaders overthrow uncertainty by giving timely crisis communication that precedes external news and provide continuing aid to employees.An early two-way dialogue is a good start to lessen th e chaos among distressed employees. However, in addition to continuing practice of honest internal communication, for the long run, leaders will need to stimulate processes specific to employees welfare to restore lost trust.Organizational strategy needs to improve to rectify behaviors that effected employees welfare in past.Toyotas trim philosophy which Liker (2004) described as The Toyota way, was known for continuous advancement and people development however, aggressive focus on rapid growth (Cole, 2011) resulted in detrimental practices, such as, reward system based on cost control versus quality control, poor training, declining operative conditions and work overload (Sullivan, 2010 McNeill, 2013 Cole, 2011). These practices were not only damaging to employees trust, but also clearly violated psychological arrest (Rousseau, 1995) of Toyota employees.To rebuild eroded trust caused by the violation of contract, leaders need to validate employees wellbeing is not compromise d again. Gillespie and Dietz (2012) recommend implementing a strategy that will safeguard against future untrustworthy actions. This can be through by articulating and enacting a system instilled with high ethical standard, clearly communicated processes and better working conditions. Providing flexible working hours, manageable workload and regular training programs will prove leaders mean well systematically incorporating employees voice will assure their role is imperative in recovery of company image. Lastly, proactively engaging in regular evaluation of processes will result in improved performance and ultimately recapturing the reputation.References1. Cole, R. E. (2011). What Really Happened to Toyota. MIT Sloan guidance Review The New Business of Innovation. 2. Gillespie, N., & Dietz, G. (2012). The recovery of trust Case studies of organisational failures and trust repair. Institute of Business ethics London. 3. John, S. (2010). A think Piece How HR caused Toyota to Cras h. Retrieved from http//www.ere.net 4. Liker, J. (2004). The Toyota way 14 Management Principles from the Worlds superior Manufacturer. McGraw-Hill 5. Male, B. (2010). How to handle a product recall. Retrieved from http//www.businessinsider.com 6. McNeill, D. (2013). Cover-up Toyota and Quality Control. The Asia Pacific Journal, Vol 11, Issue 36, No. 1, 7.Miller, J. (2014). 4 Tips to help leaders communicate during a crisis. Retrieve from http//smartblogs.com 8. Obston, A. (2014). 5 ways to communicate with employees during a crisis. Retrieved from http//www.ragan.com 9. Tahmicioglu, E. (2010). Surviving your companys mistake. Retrieved from http//www.nbcnews.com 10. Rousseau, D. (1995). The psychological contract Violations and Modifications. The Organizational Behavior Reader. 8th ed.